Nov. 28, 2024
MAFR TV : MAFR TV - Surplomb
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Compliance et engagement : le juste milieu de l'arrêt rendu par la Cour d'appel de La Haye le 12 novembre 2024", in série de vidéos Surplomb, 28 novembre 2024
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Nov. 26, 2024
MAFR TV : MAFR TV - Surplomb
🌐suivre Marie-Anne Frison-Roche sur LinkedIn
🌐s'abonner à la Newsletter MAFR. Regulation, Compliance, Law
🌐s'abonner à la Newsletter Surplomb, par MAFR
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Compliance, Climat, Dommage, Science et Vérité - Cour d'appel de La Haye, 12 novembre 2024", in série de vidéos Surplomb, 26 novembre 2024
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May 29, 2024
Editorial responsibilities : Direction of the collection Compliance & Regulation, JoRC and Bruylant
🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Compliance Obligation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant, "Compliance & Regulation" Serie, to be published
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📕In parallel, a book in French L'Obligation de compliance, is published in the collection "Régulations & Compliance" co-published by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz.
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📚This book is inserted in this series created by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche for developing Compliance Law.
read the presentations of the other books of this Compliance Series:
🕴️M.A. Frison-Roche (dir.), 📘Le système probatoire de la compliance, 2025
🕴️M.A. Frison-Roche (ed), 📘Compliance Juridictionnalisation, 2023
🕴️M.A. Frison-Roche (ed), 📘Compliance Monumental Goals, 2022
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📘Compliance Tools, 2021
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► go to the general presentation of this 📚Series Compliance & Regulation, conceived, founded et managed by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, co-published par the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant.
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🧮the book follows the cycle of colloquia 2023 organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and its Universities partners.
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► general presentation of the book: Compliance is sometimes presented as something that cannot be avoided, which is tantamount to seeing it as the legal obligation par excellence, Criminal Law being its most appropriate mode of expression. However, this is not so evident. Moreover, it is becoming difficult to find a unity to the set of compliance tools, encompassing what refers to a moral representation of the world, or even to the cultures specific to each company, Compliance Law only having to produce incentives or translate this ethical movement. The obligation of compliance is therefore difficult to define.
This difficulty to define affecting the obligation of compliance reflects the uncertainty that still affects Compliance Law in which this obligation develops. Indeed, if we were to limit this branch of law to the obligation to "be conform" with the applicable regulations, the obligation would then be located more in these "regulations", the classical branches of Law which are Contract Law and Tort Law organising "Obligations" paradoxically remaining distant from it. In practice, however, it is on the one hand Liability actions that give life to legal requirements, while companies make themselves responsible through commitments, often unilateral, while contracts multiply, the articulation between legal requirements and corporate and contractual organisations ultimately creating a new way of "governing" not only companies but also what is external to them, so that the Monumental Goals, that Compliance Law substantially aims at, are achieved.
The various Compliance Tools illustrate this spectrum of the Compliance Obligation which varies in its intensity and takes many forms, either as an extension of the classic legal instruments, as in the field of information, or in a more novel way through specific instruments, such as whistleblowing or vigilance. The contract, in that it is by nature an Ex-Ante instrument and not very constrained by borders, can then appear as a natural instrument in the compliance system, as is the Judge who is the guarantor of the proper execution of Contract and Tort laws. The relationship between companies, stakeholders and political authorities is thus renewed.
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🏗️general construction of the book
The book opens with a double Introduction. The first, which is freely accessible, is a summary of the book, while the second, which is substantial, deals with the future development of the compliance obligation in a borderless economic system.
The first part is devoted to the definition of the Compliance Obligation.
The second part presents commitments and contracts, in certain new or classic categories, in particular public contracts, and compliance stipulations, analysed and qualified regarding Compliance Law and the various relevant branches of Law.
The third part develops the responsibilities attached to the compliance obligation.
The fourth part refers to the institutions that are responsible for the effectiveness, efficiency, and efficacy of the compliance obligation, including the judge and the international arbitrator.
The fifth part takes the Obligation or Duty of Vigilance as an illustration of all these considerations.
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COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION : OVERVIEW
Section 1 ♦️ Main Aspects of the Book L'Obligation de Compliance, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
Section 2 ♦️ Conceiving the unicity of the Compliance Obligation without diluting it, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
TITLE I.
IDENTIFYING THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION
CHAPTER I: NATURE OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION
Section 1 ♦️ Will, Heart and Calculation, the three marks surrounding the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
Section 2 ♦️ Debt, as the basis of the compliance obligation, by 🕴️Bruno Deffains
Section 3 ♦️ Compliance Obligation and Human Rights, by 🕴️Jean-Baptiste Racine
Section 4 ♦️ Compliance Obligation and changes in Sovereignty and Citizenship, by 🕴️René Sève
CHAPTER II: SPACES OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION
Section 1 ♦️ Industrial Entities and Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Etienne Maclouf
Section 2 ♦️ Compliance, Value Chains and Service Economy, by 🕴️Lucien Rapp
Section 3 ♦️ Compliance and conflict of laws. International Law of Vigilance-Conformity, based on recent applications in Europe, by 🕴️Louis d'Avout
TITLE II.
ARTICULATING THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION WITH BRANCHES OF LAW
Section 1 ♦️ Constitutional dimensions of the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Stéphane Mouton
Section 2 ♦️ Tax Law and Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Daniel Gutmann
Section 3 ♦️ General Procedural Law, prototype of the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
Section 4 ♦️ Corporate and Financial Markets Law facing the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Anne-Valérie Le Fur
Section 5 ♦️ The Relation between Tort Law and Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Jean-Sébastien Borghetti
Section 6 ♦️ Environmental and Climate Compliance, by 🕴️Marta Torre-Schaub
Section 7 ♦️ Competition Law and Compliance Law, by 🕴️Jean-Christophe Roda
Section 8 ♦️ The Compliance Obligation in Global Law, by 🕴️Benoît Frydman
Section 9 ♦️ Transformation of Labour Relations and Vigilance Obligation, by 🕴️Stéphane Vernac
Section 11 ♦️ Judge of Insolvency Law and Compliance Obligations, by 🕴️Jean-Baptiste Barbièri
TITLE III.
COMPLIANCE : GIVE AND TAKE THE MEANS TO OBLIGE
CHAPTER I: CONVERGENCE OF SOURCES
Section 1 ♦️ Compliance Obligation, between Will and Consent: obligation upon obligation works, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
Section 2 ♦️ What a Commitment is, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
Section 3 ♦️ Cybersecurity and Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Michel Séjean
Section 4 ♦️ Place of Hope in the Ability to Apprehend the Future, by 🕴️
Section 5 ♦️ Legal Constraint and Company Strategies in Compliance matters, by 🕴️Jean-Philippe Denis & Nathalie Fabbe-Costes
CHAPTER II: INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION IN SUPPORT OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION
Section 1 ♦️ Reinforcing Compliance Commitments by referring Ex Ante to International Arbitration, by
Section 2 ♦️ The Arbitral Tribunal's Award in Kind, in support of the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Eduardo Silva Romero
Section 3 ♦️ The use of International Arbitration to reinforce the Compliance Obligation: the example of the construction sector, by 🕴️Christophe Lapp & 🕴️Jean-François Guillemin
Section 4 ♦️ The Arbitrator, Judge, Supervisor, Support, by 🕴️Jean-Baptiste Racine
Section 5 ♦️ How International Arbitration can reinforce the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Laurent Aynès
TITLE IV.
VIGILANCE, SPEARHEAD OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION
CHAPTER I: INTENSITIES OF THE VIGILANCE OBLIGATION, SPEARHEAD OF THE COMPLIANCE SYSTEM
Section 1 ♦️ Systemic Articulation between Vigilance, Due Diligence, Conformity and Compliance: Vigilance, Total Share of the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
Section 2 ♦️ Intensity of the Vigilance Obligation by Sectors: the case of Financial Operators, by 🕴️Anne-Claire Rouaud
Section 3 ♦️ Intensity of the Vigilance Obligation by Sectors: the case of Banking and Insurance Operators, by 🕴️Mathieu Françon
Section 4 ♦️ Intensity of the Vigilance Obligation by Sectors: the case of Digital Operators, by 🕴️Grégoire Loiseau
Section 5 ♦️ Intensity of the Vigilance Obligation by Sectors: the case of Energy Operators, by 🕴️Marie Lamoureux
CHAPTER II: VARIATIONS OF TENSIONS GENERATED BY THE VIGILANCE OBLIGATION, SPEARHEAD OF THE COMPLIANCE SYSTEM
Section 1 ♦️ Rethinking the Concept of Civil Liability in the light of the Duty of Vigilance, Spearhead of Compliance, by 🕴️Mustapha Mekki
Section 2 ♦️ The transformation of governance and due diligence, by 🕴️Véronique Magnier
Section 3 ♦️ Technologies available, prescribed or prohibited to meet Compliance and Vigilance requirements, by 🕴️Emmanuel Netter
CHAPTER III: NEW MODALITIES OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION, HIGHLIGHTED BY THE VIGILANCE IMPERATIVE
Section 1 ♦️ How the Vigilance Imperative fits in with International Legal Rules, by 🕴️Bernard Haftel
Section 2 ♦️ Contracts and clauses, implementation and modalities of the Vigilance Obligation, by 🕴️Gilles J. Martin
Section 3 ♦️ Proof that Vigilance has been properly carried out with regard to the Compliance Evidence System, by 🕴️Jean-Christophe Roda
TITLE V.
THE JUDGE AND THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION
Section 1 ♦️ Present and Future Challenges of Articulating Principles of Civil and Commercial Procedure with the Logic of Compliance, by 🕴️Thibault Goujon-Bethan
Section 2 ♦️ Mediation, the way forward for an Effective Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Malik Chapuis
Section 3 ♦️ The Judge required for an Effective Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
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Dec. 8, 2022
Conferences
♾️ suivre Marie-Anne Frison-Roche sur LinkedIn
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "La compliance, perspective dynamique pour exprimer la raison d'être des commissaires de justice", in Table-ronde sur "Professions réglementées, ambitions et enjeux", Congrès annuel national des Commissaires de justice, Paris, 8 décembre 2022.
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►lire le programme complet du congrès et 🎥regarder la présentation du colloque par le président du Congrès
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►présentation de l'intervention : Ce premier congrès annuel national des Commissaires de justice, réunissant pour la première fois la profession réformée, a débuté par un débat de 2 heures animé par une journaliste, débat entre les autres professions, les autorités publiques (Autorité de la concurrence, Chancellerie), ayant pour ma part à y apporter le regard académique :
Ce débat fut particulièrement animé et vivant, ne serait-ce qu'en raison de la configuration des lieux, chacun étant placé pour entrer dans un dialogue :
🎤 J'y pris la parole en premier pour insister sur le fait que les "professions" sont des structures qui ont un grand avenir, en ce qu'elles s'articulent avec le système économique libéral, qu'elles sont par nature régulées et porteuses de régulation, dans des systèmes qui, pour demeurer libéraux, vont en avoir de plus en plus besoin. Cela est pertinent pour la profession des Commissaires de justice qui procurent de la sécurité, via de l'incontestabilité reposant aussi sur le lien entre celle-ci et les faits, et qui assurent l'effectivité des engagements en gardant le souci du lien social.
🎤 J'ai repris la parole lorsque la place de la Compliance fut évoquée. Dépassant l'exigence de "conformité", qui n'est qu'un outil de la Compliance, j'ai montré l'avenir du Droit de la Compliance, notamment dans l'Europe qui associe dynamisme économique, souci des personnes et de l'environnement, et l'alliance que cela implique entre les Autorités politiques et publiques et les entités susceptibles de participer à la concrétisation de ces Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance.
📕 Pour aller plus loin : M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Les buts monumentaux de la compliance, 2022.
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regarder la présentation du colloque par le président du Congrès
Sept. 30, 2022
Thesaurus : 10. Autorité de la Concurrence
► Full Reference: Autorité de la concurrence (French Competition Authority), Décision relative à la prise de contrôle exclusif de la société McKesson Europe par le groupe Phoenix (Decision on the acquisition of sole control of McKesson Europe by the Phoenix Group), 30 September 2022, n° 22-DCC-186.
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🏛️read the decision (in French)
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Sept. 5, 2022
Publications
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, Compliance contract, compliance clauses, working paper, September 2022.
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►Summary of this working paper: Compliance Law has multiplied obligations. However, although Tort Law is emerging in Compliance issues and contracts are multiplying in practice, for the moment the relationship between Compliance Law and Contract Law is not very visible (I).
However, there are contracts whose sole purpose is to give concrete form to Compliance, which creates a specific contract and must influence its implementation (II). Moreover, there is much to learn from the diversity of compliance stipulations scattered throughout a wide range of contracts (III).
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🔓read the developments below⤵️
July 6, 2022
Publications
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "L'appui du Droit de la Compliance pour la maîtrise quotidienne du Droit de la concurrence" ("The support of Compliance Law for the daily mastery of Competition Law"), in C. Lemaire & F. Martucci (eds.), Liber Amicorum Laurence Idot. Concurrence et Europe, vol. I, pref. C. Lemaire & F. Martucci, foreword B. Lasserre, Concurrences, 2022, pp. 369-374
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► English Summary of the article: Competition Law has become so huge and has included so many regulations and "regulatory" perspective that we end up giving up trying to grasp it as a whole, preferring to become a specialist in one of its parts. That would be to lose sight of the simple and strong reason that unites the whole and gives it its breath: Freedom.
Freedom experienced by the persons in their daily economic action, Freedom guarded by Competition Law, always returning to its principle: Free Competition. Therefore, the European Union places great emphasis on Competition. To make effective and to keep it in this state, “Competition Policy” is based on Competition Law, but if authorities and judges do not blame companies for their power, they do not rely on it.
To do this, Competition Law must be supported by Compliance Law, which strongly encourages companies to act for the effectiveness and the promotion of competitive principles. Competition Law is thus slipping from the Ex-Post towards the Ex-Ante, the commitments of companies leading them to cease being passive, even punished, to become convinced actors and themselves pedagogues. Something to please a great Professor of Competition Law, to whom homage is paid here.
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📗read the Table of Contents of the book in which this article is published (in French)
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🚧read the bilingual Working Paper which is the basis of this article, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks
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📝read the article (in French)
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May 26, 2021
Thesaurus : 09. Juridictions étrangères
► Référence complète : Rechtbank Den Haag (Tribunal de La Haye), 26 mai 2021, aff. C/09/571932 / HA ZA 19-379, Vereniging Milieudefensie et a. c/ Royal Dutch Shell PLC.
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🏛️lire la traduction française du jugement
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March 21, 2021
Compliance: at the moment
March 19, 2021
Thesaurus : 01. Conseil constitutionnel
► Référence complète : Conseil constitutionnel, 19 mars 2021, décision n° 2021-891 QPC, Association Générations futures et autres
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Sept. 7, 2017
Thesaurus : Soft Law
Updated: July 31, 2013 (Initial publication: Oct. 17, 2011)
Teachings : Les Grandes Questions du Droit, semestre d'automne 2011
July 1, 2012
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence complète : Bouloc, B., Remarques sur l’incitation à la mise en place d’un programme de conformité, RLC, n°32, 1 juillet 2012.
Les étudiants Sciences Po peuvent consulter l'article via le drive, dossier "MAFR-Régulation & Compliance".
Nov. 6, 1996
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence : FRYDMAN, Benoît, Négociation ou marchandage ? De l'éthique de la discussion au droit de la négociation, in GERARD, Philippe, OST, François, VAN DE KERCHOVE, Michel (dir.), droit négocié, droit imposé ?, Publications des facultés universitaires Saint-Louis, Bruxelles, 1996, p.231-252.
L'article est consacré aux théories de la négociation.
L'auteur expose tout d'abord les philosophies de la négociation, c'est-à-dire celle du marché où la négociation a été mise en valeur par l'analyse économique du droit, puis celle de John Rawls à travers la théorie du voile d'ignorance, enfin celle de Jürgen Habermas à travers l'éthique de la discussion.
La seconde partie de l'article s'appuie sur ces travaux d'une part et le droit positif d'autre part (belge, en l'espèce) pour montrer que tout semble se négocier, non seulement en droit des contrats, sphère naturelle mais au-delà de celui-ci. Ainsi, les normes se négocient.
Désormais, le "droit négocié" est un phénomène social général et il convient, selon l'auteur, d'élaborer en conséquence, un "droit général de la négociation" (p.250 s.)
Ce droit de la négociation ne serait pas simplement procédural mais viserait à "définir un mode équilibré de discussion", le sujet étant considéré in concreto dans son cercle de communication intersubjective, le principe de respect des anticipations légitimes des autres devant être posé. En outre, devant être posé "un véritable droit d'accès de tous à la négociation".
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April 5, 1994
Publications
Référence complète : FRISON-ROCHE, Marie-Anne, Le sort des engagements non-financiers des plans, Rev. proc. coll. 1994, p.339 s. (rectificatif p.433).
Cet article a pris appui sur une recherche de sociologie juridique menée à partir de l'analyse des plans de redressement et de leur suivi, pratiqués par le Tribunal de commerce de Paris. Cette recherche, menée avec Michel Germain, a donné lieu à un rapport de recherche, remis au Tribunal de commerce de Paris en 1993.