Sept. 23, 2022

Compliance: at the moment

 Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Forêts en feu : effectivité de la sanction des auteurs, une logique de compliance environnementale à développer ?", NewsletterMAFR Law, Compliance, Regulation, 23 septembre 2022.

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Dans un article publié le 23 septembre 2023 par le Huffington Post, Feux de forêts : près de 50 personnes interpelées, il apparaît que les feux qui ont détruit des milliers d'hectare de forêt cet été ont, pour 90%, été causés par des êtres humains, pour 30% d'une façon volontaire, que la plupart des auteurs ont déjà été retrouvés, sont déjà l'objet d'une procédure de sanctions pénales, voire ont déjà sanctionnés.

L'on peut se féliciter de l'efficacité du Droit pénal, qui interdit ce comportement, puisque les autorités publiques, gendarmerie, police et magistrature, sont intervenir vite et bien en Ex Post : les auteurs ont été retrouvés et ont été ou seront punis, en application du Droit.

Mais si l'on prend la question des incendies de forêt sous l'angle non pas de l'effectivité du Droit, qui interdit de mettre le feu volontairement, l'acte violant cette interdiction conduisant en Ex Post à la condamnation de l'auteur, mais sous l'angle de l'efficience de la règle, l'on observe que le But qu'il faudrait atteindre serait qu'il n'y ait pas, ou moins, de feu de forêts.

C'est pour cela que les feux de forêts sont sanctionnés, parce que la personne qui brûle une forêt, comme celle qui pollue une rivière, affecte durablement le système dans lequel nous vivons. Et il est encore plus dur et plus long de faire renaître une forêt que de dépolluer les rivières.

Or, dans le cas des pyromanes et des incendiaires, l'auteur cause à lui seul beaucoup de dommages, lesquels sont très difficilement réparables, et dans l'ampleur et dans la durée, la durée (la reconstitution des sols, la pousse des arbres, l'écosystème) étant le souci systémique central : l'enjeu est systémique et se situe sur l'avenir. .

La logique juridique efficace devrait être celle de l'Ex Ante, qui repose sur l'efficience de la mesure : or, celle-ci est-elle applicable, à travers l'effectivité de la sanction ? Justement, non .... Les chiffres et les informations rappelés par cet article le montrent particulièrement bien.

Si l'on prend la perspective de prévention, la meilleure pour éviter les incendies, puisqu'un seul geste cause un très grand dégât, il apparaît dans les informations disponibles, rappelées dans l'article que :

【1】Les auteurs d'infractions à l'origine de feux systémiques ont des profils très variés, à la fois socialement et psychologiquement

【2】Les capacités des auteurs d'infractions à l'origine de feux systémiques à comprendre ce qu'ils font sont très variés, un nombre important n'ayant pas compris les conséquences de ce qu'ils faisaient

Or, si l'on prend une pollution de rivière, qui est de même dimension systémique, l'infraction à l'origine étant le plus souvent commise par une entreprise, ces deux éléments sont inverses :

【1】Les auteurs d'infractions à l'origine de pollutions systémiques ont un profil homogène : le plus souvent une entreprise ayant fait le plus souvent un calcul d'intérêt

【2】Les auteurs d'infractions à l'origine de pollutions systémiques ont une capacité importante à comprendre ce qu'ils font, le caractère volontaire s'intégrant dans une causalité économique

Il en résulte que :

【1】Concernant les feux de forêts, la méthode Ex Ante de l'éducation qui fonctionne bien pour les pollutions systémiques, si l'on apprend aux entreprises qu'il est de leur intérêt à long terme de préserver la nature (la Convention judiciaire d'intérêt public ayant été étendue aux délits en matière environnementale à cette fin) va à l'inverse fonctionner très mal pour les feux de forêts, parce qu'il n'y a pas un groupe social à cibler particulièrement et parce que les personnes qui passent à l'acte ne sont pas toujours aptes à bénéficier d'une campagne éducative

【2】La méthode consistant à faire payer l'auteur pour qu'il répare lui-même le dommage, qui fonctionne sur les entreprises polluantes, condamnées à replanter massivement, à dépolluer les rivières, etc., voire à en prendre soin activement à l'avenir, ne peut pas fonctionner car la personne isolée n'est pas une structure économique, n'en a pas les moyens : on la condamne donc, et c'est normal, au plus à deux ans de prison, ce qui ne fait pas repousser les arbres.

Que faire si l'on veut qu'il y ait une corrélation entre le dommage causé dans le passé, et le souci de prévenir d'une façon systémique son renouvellement ?

Comment intégrer un souci de Compliance, qui fonctionne bien en matière de pollutions engendrées par les entreprises, dans des destructions systémiques de la nature, dont les feux de forêts sont un parfait exemple ?

 

Certes l'affectation de 3000 gendarmes, décidée par le ministre de l'Intérieur, pour accélérer l'Ex Post est une solution.

Si l'on en revient à ce souci de l'Ex Ante, sans doute une pédagogie générale est bienvenue : c'est toujours la solution proposée pour tout, de la lutte contre la désinformation, de la lutte contre la haine, de la lutte contre les incendies volontaires. C'est vrai, l'éducation de tous pour que naisse le souci d'autrui est l'Alpha et l'Omega, et les danaïdes ne doivent jamais se décourager.

Il ne faut pas se contenter de l'effectivité du Droit pénal.

Il ne faut pas seulement se reposer sur l'éducation de tous à propos des biens communs et de l'avenir du monde, dès le plus jeune âge.

Il faut aussi plus techniquement diffuser largement cette remarquable efficacité de la détection de l'information.

Le Droit de la Compliance, dont le secteur bancaire et financier a été le premier secteur à recevoir la logique et à mettre en place les "outils de la compliance" qui y correspondent, est avant tout un droit de l'information. Or, ce que montre cet article, ce n'est pas tant l'efficacité des sanctions, car elles ne le sont guère (comment punir efficacement des personnes qui ne se rendent pas forcément compte de ce qu'elles font, avec quel type de peine, au regard des dégâts systémiques causés ?).

Ici, les preuves ont été retrouvées sous la cendre, reconstituées, croisées par différents modes de preuve, notamment scientifiques, menant à la personne.

Cette efficacité de collecte d'information a été rendue possible parce que les différentes autorités publiques ont travaillé ensemble : gendarmes, policiers, magistrats, et l'on se souvient à quel point la population et les entreprises, libérant de leur travail au sein de l'entreprise des spécialistes pour que ceux-ci se portent volontaire, aillent immédiatement sur place et aident les autorités publiques.

Cette alliance entre les Autorités publiques, les entreprises en position de le faire (les "opérateurs cruciaux") et la société civile, socle du Droit de la Compliance, produit de l'information.

Cela permet ensuite des procédures rapides.

Comme dans la Compliance bancaire et financière, les systèmes bancaires et financiers étant pareillement "enflammés" par des abus de marché commis par des êtres humains, abus qui sont soit prévenus, soit immédiatement détectés et dénoncés aux autorités publiques, le Droit de la Compliance ayant pour objet de "prévenir et détecter" ces comportements pour protéger le système dans son ensemble et le préserver à l'avenir, il s'agit de perfectionner un système d'information (la loi dite "Sapin 2" n'étant qu'un exemple de cela).

C'est pourquoi dans les peines prononcées lorsqu'un "feux systémique" a été produit, même par quelqu'un qui n'a pas compris ce qu'il faisait, il ne s'agit pas tant de le punir mais peut-être de concevoir, à titre complémentaire une "peine de conformité", telle qu'elle existe en Droit de la Compliance, non pas à travers une Convention judiciaire d'intérêt public puisque l'auteur n'a pas les moyens de cela, mais peut-être à travers un travail d'intérêt général.

Parce que les forêts sont tout autant systémiques que les rivières mais que ceux qui les détruisent les unes ne sont pas du tout ceux qui détruisent les autres, il faut réfléchir à importer les solutions efficientes de la compliance environnementale fonctionnant pour les seconds aux premiers, puisque les punir n'est pas très efficient et les surveiller est impossible.

Sept. 21, 2022

Publications

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 Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Compliance, the new legal way for human values: towards an Ex-Ante responsability", in Homenagem aoe Professor Arnoldo Wald, A Evoluçào do Direito no Século XXI, 2022, pp. 977-983.

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► Article Summary:  For the first time, the future is the first question for the Humanity. The classical legal conception of Tort Law concerns the Past, the philosophical conception of Hans Jonas, a Responsability for the Future, an Ex-Ante Responsability must become a legal notion. 

Traditionally, the Legislator takes decision for the Future and the Judges takes ones for the Past, but now in front of the possible disparition of human beings on this planet, global and catastrophic perspective, all legal perspectives need to be used, breaking the classical repartition, in the priority of the future.  To do something, the Responsability must be put on everyone in a legal force, not only on the classical subject of Law and because of past behaviors, but because the operators, States, firms, or individuals, are "in position" to do so. 

This new "Ex-Ante Responsability" is an essential part of the Compliance Law, very new branche of Law, with an extraterritorial effect, to find immediate and active solutions for the future. Because the issue is global, international Arbitration is in position to apply the conception, because international arbitrators are the global judges.

This new conception of legal Ex-Ante Responsability, declared by courts, expressed human values, such as the concerns for the others, in concordance withe the humanist tradition of European and American Law, Compliance being not at all to obey regulations but to concretise an alliance a Monumental Goal, here for the preservation of human beings in the future, and the powers and the legal duties of corporate and people to do so. 

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📝 read the article 

Sept. 20, 2022

Interviews

► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "La raison d'être est avant tout une notion juridique", entretien in Notariat, La journée de la Raison d'Etre, 

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📝Lire l'entretien 

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📚Lire le numéro complet dans lequel s'insère l'entretien.

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🎥Regarder l'intervention en vidéo de Marie-Anne Frison-Roche à la journée du Conseil Supérieur du Notariat sur la Raison d'être

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Sept. 15, 2022

Conferences

 

► Full Reference: Frison-Roche, M.A., Régulation et Compliance, expression des missions d'un Ordre, in📅 Ordre des Géomètres-experts, Une profession face aux défis de la société, Le Havre, September 15, 2022. 

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📅 read the general of the manifestation de la manifestation (in French)

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🎥watch the one-minute video summarizing the twenty-minutes intervention (in French)

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🚧 read English Presentation of the Working Paper which has been the basis of this conference

 

► English Summary of this intervention: Professional orders should not present themselves as exceptions, however legitimate they may be, in relation to a principle, which would be the competitive system, but as the expression of a principle. This principle is expressed by two branches of Law whose importance is constantly growing in European Law, liberal branches which are based on the conception of economic life and the definition of company, turned towards the future: the Regulatory Law and Compliance Law, two branches of Law both related and distinct.

Indeed, and this is the topic of the first part, Competition Law conceives professional orders as exceptions since these "corporations" constitute structural agreements. French domestic legal system both consolidates the professional orders by backing them up to the State, which would sub-delegate its powers to them, but involves them in the questioning by the European Union of the States and their tools. Most often the temptation is then to recall with a kind of nostalgia the times when the professional orders were the principle but, except to ask for a restoration, the time would be no more.

A more dynamic approach is possible, in accordance with the more general evolution of Economic Law. Indeed, the Professional Order is the expression of a profession, a little-exploited concept in Economic Law, over which the Order exercises the function of "Second-level Regulator", the public authorities exercising the function of "First-level Regulator". The Banking and Financial Regulatory Law is built in this way and operates thank to that, at national, European, and global level. This is what should be linked.

The Professional Orders therefore have the primary function of spreading a "Culture of Compliance" among the professionals they supervise and beyond them (clients and stakeholders). This culture of Compliance is developed regarding the missions which are concretized by the professionals themselves.

Therefore, the second part of the Working Paper deals with the legal evolution of the notion of "Mission" which has become central in Economic and General Law, through the technique of the mission-based company. However, there are multiple points of contact between the raison d'être, the company with a mission and Compliance Law as soon as the latter is defined by the concrete and overly ambitious goals that it pursues. : the Monumental Goals.

Each structure, for example the French Ordre des Géomètres-Experts, is legitimate to set the Monumental Goal that it pursues and that it inculcates, in particular the conception of territory and the living environment, joining what unites all the Monumental Goals of Compliance: concern for others. The French Ordre des Géomètres-Experts, is adequate because it has a more flexible relationship, both tighter and broader, with the territory than the State itself.

By instilling this in professionals, the Professional Order develops in the practitioner an "ex ante responsibility", which is a pillar of Compliance Law, constituting both a charge and a power that the practitioner exercises, and of which the Professional Order must be the supervisor.

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Sept. 6, 2022

Public Auditions

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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Europe, Compliance et Professions", intervention devant le bureau du Comité de Liaison des Institutions ordinaires (CLIO), 6 septembre 2022.

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Cette présentation d'une quinzaine de minutes a ensuite donné lieu à un échange avec les membres du Bureau du CLIO. 

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► Résumé de la présentation : La perspective ici proposée est de partir non pas du schéma du marché concurrentiel, repris par le Droit de la concurrence, par rapport auxquels les professions et les ordres ont toujours dès le départ et définitivement statut d'exceptions, mais de partir - dans une vision paradoxalement moins juridique et plus concrète - de l'Europe telle qu'elle s'était construite à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et qu'elle se construit de nouveau.

 

I. LE PROJET POLITIQUE DE L'EUROPE : À COTE DE L'EUROPE DE LA CONCURRENCE, L'EUROPE DE LA RÉGULATION

La Régulation n'est en rien l'exception (qui serait en outre logée au niveau des Etats-membre) du Droit de la concurrence (qui serait en outre logée au niveau du Droit de l'Union), la concurrence écrasant doublement la Régulation, en ce qu'elle serait le seul principe (le principe prévalant sur l'exception) et qu'elle serait au-dessus dans la hiérarchie des normes.

Cela n'est pas vrai. 

Il faut donc partir de l'Europe. 

L’Europe est une idée politique, construite avec des moyens juridiques. C'est ainsi que Monnet l'avait conçu et c'est de nouveau que la Commission européenne la conçoit (voir par exemple ce qu'en dit Thierry Breton). 

Au sortir d'une catastrophe, il s'est agi de construire l'Europe, conçue comme  une communauté d’êtres humains (valeurs communes, groupe social fluide).

Pour cela, il fallait trouver les bons instruments juridiques, pour (re)créer ces valeurs communes : faire que les échanges se réalisent avec des règles juridiques "positives" (CECA, collaborations pour faire des rails) et des règles juridiques « négatif » (abattre les frontières ; prohibition des comportements anticoncurrentiels et prohibition des aides d’Etat, prohibition qui n’existe nulle pas ailleurs).

Puis en premier lier la Commission européenne, la Cour de justice, voire les Etats-membres ont « oublié » la construction positive et on n’a gardé que la construction négative : le vide concurrentiel (qui a des mérites, notamment en ce qu'il exprime la liberté), dont tout devait sortir ; en second lieu, on a pris l’instrument pour le but.

C'est ainsi que le Droit de la concurrence, en tant qu'il est une branche du Droit économique, est entièrement guidé par sa finalité, mais il a pour objet la concurrence : la téléologie a pour objet une fin qui ne lui est pas extérieure, c’est une « tautologie ».

L’Europe a changé, par le choc des crises successives depuis 2008, avec la crise financière et bancaire ; depuis 2020 avec la crise sanitaire ; depuis 2022 avec la crise climatique qui s’annonce.

C'est une opportunité (la crise est aussi une opportunité, parce qu'elle prise les idées de départ, fait de la place pour d'autres). 

La téléologie européenne n’est plus tautologie ; la concurrence y retrouve sa place. Le système demeure celui d'une économie libérale mais la DG Concurrence ne résume plus la Commission européenne : l’Europe – y compris la Commission européenne – n’a plus pour seule fin la concurrence. La crise étant un souci majeur, car l'Europe a compris qu'elle était mortelle, le Droit a pour finalité de permettre à l'Europe de survivre (notamment face à la Chine :  elle a pour fin d’être « durable » : de ne pas disparaître.

Cela a pris notamment forme dans l'Union bancaire, qui a pour but simple d'exclure la disparition de l'Europe.

Mais cela vaut aussi pour l'Europe de la communication des personnes et des biens. Voir par exemple la proposition le 7 juillet 2022 d’aides d’Etat sur les transports pour faire une Europe des transports avec des infrastructures publiques.

Voir aussi la naissance de la « gouvernance-énergie », signant la fin de la suprématie l’esprit de la directive de 2016 sur « l’ouverture à la concurrence » comme seul principe, nouant l'énergie et l'environnement, prolongeant la Régulation par la Supervision, c'est-à-dire avant tout l'Industrie. Or, dans une perspective à ce point concrète, là où il y a de l'industrie il y a des personnes ayant des savoirs-faire : des professionnels

La crise de 2020 accélère la naissance de l’Europe de la Santé ; à partir du vaccin.

La DG Connect exprime volonté de construire un écosystème numérique européen : Europe des données, à la fois marchand, industriel et protecteur des personnes (Digital Markets Act ; Digital Services Act ; Governance Data Act ; Chip Act), initialement construit par le Juge européen (jugement de la CJUE Google Spain 2014).

Dans chaque perspective, il y a la fixation par les Autorités politiques européenne d'un « but monumental », à la fois propre à un secteur mais aussi commun à tous, et tous se regroupent autour d’une volonté proprement européenne : la protection des êtres humains.

 

L'Avenir de l'Europe est ainsi dans l'émergence de l'Europe de la Régulation. 

La question qui se pose alors est : comment atteindre ces Buts ainsi politiquement posés ? 

Car la distance est grande entre la volonté exprimée et la concrétisation de ces buts (affaire de "plan" et de "transition").

 

II. POUR CONSTRUIRE L'EUROPE SOUVERAINE : l'ACTION DES PROFESSIONS, ENTITÉS EN POSITION D'ATTEINDRE LES BUTS MONUMENTAUX 

 

L’Europe de la Régulation, ainsi constituée, est, surtout avec l'enjeu des données (économie de l'information, industrie des données, souveraineté européenne), entre les mains des entreprises et de l'industrie, laquelle ne se pense pas en-dehors des professionnels.

La CJUE appuie le mouvement.

Mais comment la mettre en œuvre :

Le politique (la Commission européenne, les gouvernements nationaux, etc.) va rechercher des alliances, le Droit de la Compliance prolongeant le Droit de la Régulation et mettant en alliance les Autorités publiques (dont l'État n'est qu'un exemple) et les "entités en position de le faire".

Pour les institutions européennes, ces "entités en position d'agir" sont :

  • :
    • Les Etats membres
    • Les entreprises cruciales, les entreprises publiques,
    • Les ordres correspondent à cette définition

 

L'Europe se construit ainsi actuellement et à l’avenir sur deux piliers :  Concurrence d’une part et Régulation et Compliance d’autre part. 

 

  • Ne pas se penser comme une exception (même légitime) au principe de concurrence
  • Se penser comme un opérateur crucial contribuant à l'expression du second pilier de la construction européenne
  • Donner à voir sa contribution structurelle à la construction de l’Europe, telle qu’elle se dessine
  • Proposer son aide dans ce sens

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Sept. 5, 2022

Publications

🌐 follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn

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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, Compliance contract, compliance clauses, working paper, September 2022.

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Summary of this working paper:  Compliance Law has multiplied obligations. However, although Tort Law is emerging in Compliance issues and contracts are multiplying in practice, for the moment the relationship between Compliance Law and Contract Law is not very visible (I).

However, there are contracts whose sole purpose is to give concrete form to Compliance, which creates a specific contract and must influence its implementation (II). Moreover, there is much to learn from the diversity of compliance stipulations scattered throughout a wide range of contracts (III).

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🔓read the developments below⤵️

Sept. 1, 2022

Thesaurus : Doctrine

 Full Reference: A. Le Goff, "La part des banques dans la concrétisation des buts monumentaux de la compliance" ("The banks' part in achieving the Compliance Monumental Goals"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 69-75.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): As the head of a banking group, the question is whether compliance requirements and techniques put companies "under pressure" or whether these obligations represent an opportunity for them, the former not excluding the latter. The author shows that the entire banking sector is under pressure from regulations that express the aim of Monumental Goals, the complexity coming from the fact that these evolve over time, sometimes making it difficult to comply with them. Within this general framework, the author shows that a mutual bank such as Crédit Mutuel Arkéa has great opportunities, since these Monumental Goals resonate not only with its social responsibility, particularly in a context of crisis, but also with what is, for Arkéa, its "raison d'être". Regulation thus supports the Group's operations and it's identity.

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Sept. 1, 2022

Publications

♾️follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn

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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance (Compliance Monumental Goals), coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, 520 p.

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📘In parallel, the English version of this book, Compliance Monumental Goals, is published in the collection co-published by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant. 

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📅This book comes after a cycle of colloquia 2021 organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC)and its Universities partners

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📚This volume is one of the books dedicated to Compliance in the collection Régulations & Compliance: read the presentations of the other titles of this collection.

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► General presentation of the book: Seize Compliance by its mind: its Monumental Goals. The notion of "monumental goals" of Compliance was proposed in 2016 by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche📎!footnote-2696. It has become explicit in the texts and the resolution of cases, for example to fight against climate change, make human beings effectively equal, force to be extraterritorially vigilant about suppliers. 

Compliance Monumental Goals are targeted ex ante by regulations, contracts, CSR, and international treaties. Creating an alliance between business and political authorities, aiming for a new form of sovereignty. The presence in litigation of these Monumental Goals of global dimension renews the responsibilities and the Judge office. Describing and conceiving these Monumental Goals makes it possible to anticipate Compliance Law, which is more powerful every day.

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🏗️General construction of the book: The book opens with a double Introduction, the first summarizing the book (in free access) ​and the second, more substantial, proposing  the Monumental Goals as definition of Compliance Law putting them at its "beating heart", giving this new branch of law its originality and specificity, explaining what, in the History of the United States and Europe, gave birth to this singular corpus and justifies a substantial definition of Compliance Law. The concept of Monumental Goals is explained, justifying both systemic and political nature of Compliance Law, the practical consequences of which legal specific rules are thus better identified and limited, since Compliance Law does not lead to all-obedience. We can then determine what we can expect from this Law of the Future that is Compliance Law.

From there, the book unfolds in 5 titles.

A first Title is devoted to the "radioscopy" of this notion, in itself and branch of Law by branch of Law.

second Title aims to measure how the Monumental Goals are questioned by a crisis, for example in a health situation, but not in that example, if they aggravate it and must be discarded, or if, on the contrary, they are exactly conceived for this hypothesis. of crisis, risks, catastrophes and that it is advisable to exploit them, in order, in this "test", to benefit from the alliance between the political authorities, public powers and crucial operators.

Once made explicit and tested, the Monumental Goals must find a sure way to be considered. Therefore, a third Title aims to measure in principle and in practice how the Proportionality method can help the integration of Compliance, thus giving a new dimension to the Law without dragging it into insecurity and illegitimate grabbing of powers.

But because Compliance Monumental Goals express a very great ambition, the question of a bearable, even beneficial relationship with the international competitiveness of companies, standards and systems must be opened. This is the object of the fourth Title.  

Finally, because the Monumental Goals express by nature a new ambition of the Law in a world which must not give up in what could be the prospect of its abyss, the fifth Title has for object the relationship between the Monumental Goals of Compliance and Sovereignty.

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► Understand the book through the Table of Contents and the summaries of each article:

 

DOUBLE INTRODUCTION

🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Résumé de l'ouvrage Les buts monumentaux du droit de la compliance (free access : click here to read this article (in French)

🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Les Buts Monumentaux, cœur battant du Droit de la Compliance

 

I. LA NOTION DE BUTS MONUMENTAUX DE LA COMPLIANCE ("THE IDEA OF COMPLIANCE MONUMENTAL GOALS") 

🕴️R.-O. Maistre, 📝Quels buts fondamentaux pour le régulateur dans un paysage audiovisuel et numérique en pleine mutation ?

🕴️A.V. Le Fur, 📝Intérêt et raison d’être de l’entreprise : quelle articulation avec les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance ?  

🕴️A. Le Goff, 📝La part des banques dans la concrétisation des Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance

🕴️J.-F. Vaquieri,📝Les "Buts Monumentaux" perçus par l'entreprise. L'exemple d'Enedis

🕴️M. Malaurie-Vignal, 📝Les Buts Monumentaux du droit du marché. Réflexion sur la méthode

🕴️D. de La Garanderie, 📝Sur les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance sociale

 🕴️C. Peicuti & 🕴️J. Beyssade, 📝La féminisation des postes à responsabilité dans les entreprises comme But de la Compliance. Exemple du secteur bancaire

🕴️I. Gavanon, 📝Le droit des données personnelles dans l’économie numérique à l’épreuve des Buts Monumentaux

🕴️B. Petit, 📝Les Buts Monumentaux du droit (européen) des relations de travail : un système mouvant aux équilibres à consolider   

🕴️G. Beaussonie, 📝Droit pénal et Compliance font-ils système ?

🕴️Ch. Huglo, 📝À quelles conditions le Droit climatique pourrait-il constituer un But Monumental prioritaire ?

 

II. MISE EN OEUVRE DES BUTS MONUMENTAUX DE LA COMPLIANCE EN ARTICULATION DU PRINCIPE MAJEUR DE LA PROPORTIONNALITÉ ("IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPLIANCE MONUMENTAL GOALS IN ARTICULATION OF THE MAJOR PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY") 

🕴️L. Rapp, 📝Conformité, proportionnalité et normativité  

🕴️B. Bär-Bouyssière, 📝Les obstacles pratiques à la place effective de la proportionnalité dans la Compliance

🕴️A. Mendoza-Caminade, 📝Compliance, proportionnalité et évaluation

🕴️L. Meziani, 📝Proportionnalité en Compliance, garant de l’ordre public en entreprise

🕴️M. Segonds, 📝Compliance, proportionnalité et sanction 

 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Définition du principe de proportionnalité et définition du Droit de la Compliance 

 

 III. LES BUTS MONUMENTAUX DE LA COMPLIANCE ÉPROUVÉS PAR LES SITUATIONS DE CRISES ("THE COMPLIANCE MONUMENTAL GOALS TESTED BY CRISIS SITUATIONS")

🕴️A. Oumedjkane, A. Tehrani et P. Idoux, 📝Normes publiques et Compliance en temps de crise : les Buts Monumentaux à l'épreuve. Éléments pour une problématique

🕴️J. Bonnet, 📝La crise, occasion de saisir la Compliance comme mode de communication des autorités publiques  

🕴️N. Sudres, 📝Gel hydroalcoolique, Covid-19 et Compliance. Des insuffisances de la démarche de conformité à l'émergence d'îlots de Compliance

🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Place et rôle des entreprises dans la création et l'effectivité du Droit de la Compliance en cas de crise 

 

IV. EFFECTIVITÉ DES BUTS MONUMENTAUX DE LA COMPLIANCE ET COMPÉTITIVITÉ INTERNATIONALE ("EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPLIANCE MONUMENTAL GOALS AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS") 

🕴️B. Deffains, 📝L’enjeu économique de compétitivité internationale de la Compliance

🕴️J.-Ch. Roda, 📝Compliance, enquêtes internes et compétitivité internationale : quels risques pour les entreprises françaises (à la lumière du droit antitrust) ?

🕴️F. Marty, 📝L'apport des programmes de conformité à la compétitivité internationale : une perspective concurrentielle

🕴️S. Lochmann, 📝Les agences de notation ESG et l'effectivité de la Compliance face à la compétitivité internationale

🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Appréciation du lancement d'alerte et de l'obligation de vigilance au regard de la compétitivité internationale  

 

V. LA COMPLIANCE PORTÉE PAR LES BUTS MONUMENTAUX, NOUVELLE VOIE DE SOUVERAINETÉ ("COMPLIANCE SUPPORTED BY MONUMENTAL GOALS AND NEW WAY OF SOVEREIGNTY") 

🕴️R. Bismuth, 📝Compliance et souveraineté : relations ambigües

🕴️L. Benzoni, 📝Commerce international, compétitivité des entreprises et souveraineté : vers une économie politique de la Compliance

🕴️M.-A. Boursier, 📝Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance : mode d'expression des États

🕴️S. Pottier, 📝Pour une Compliance européenne, vecteur d'affirmation économique et politique

🕴️Ch. André, 📝Souveraineté étatique, souveraineté populaire : quel contrat social pour la Compliance ?

🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Le principe de proximité systémique active, corollaire du renouvellement du principe de souveraineté par le Droit de la Compliance

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🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Le Droit de la compliance, 2016. 

Sept. 1, 2022

Thesaurus : Doctrine

 Full Reference: F. Marty, "L'apport des programmes de conformité à la compétitivité internationale : une perspective concurrentielle" ("The contribution of compliance programmes to international competitiveness: a competitive perspective"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 381-400.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): The author analyzes economically the question of whether the compliance programs set up to respect competition rules are for the sole purpose of avoiding sanctions or also contribute to the goal of increasing the international economic performance of companies. which submit to them.

The author explains that companies integrate by duplication external standards to minimize the risk of sanctions, developing a "culture of compliance", which produces their competitiveness increase and the effectiveness of the legal and economic system. In addition, it reduces the cost of investment, which increases the attractiveness of the company.

In this, this presentation based on the postulate of the rationality of companies and investors, compliance programs can fall under self-regulation. The duplication of the law that they operate takes place largely according to "procedural" type methods.

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Sept. 1, 2022

Thesaurus : Doctrine

 Full reference: André, Ch., Souveraineté étatique, souveraineté populaire : quel contrat social pour la compliance ? (" State sovereignty, popular sovereignty: what social contract for compliance? "), in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (ed.), Les buts monumentaux de la Compliance, series "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, to be published.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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► Summary of the article (done by the Author): The “Compliance Monumental Goals” serve as vectors for “common” social values: the proposal is simple, but it seems both familiar and strange to a criminal lawyer.

Familiar, because even if compliance transcends the borders of academic disciplines, it shares with criminal law a logic sanctioning attacks on social interests. Strange, because Monumental Goals convey social values by sweeping away all the learned discussions that have been going on since Beccaria about the foundations and axiological functions of punishment. Indeed, the social values promoted by Monumental Goals are “common” in every sense of the word.

First, they are shared and internalized by the largest enterprises in the Western world, without the need for an international treaty on protected values. The question of sovereignty is overshadowed.

Second, they are common in that they are commonplace, ordinary, approved of by most Western consumer-citizens: probity, equality, respect for the environment, who would not be in favour of respecting them? Hence it is in companies’ interest to communicate and diffuse, urbi and orbi, how they respect these Monumental Goals. The question of citizens’ consensus on values is sidestepped, as they are supposed to be derived from the obvious (even if the goals could be achieved by different means, or even contradict each other).

Third, these values are common because they now enlist a multitude of communicants (the “compliance officer”, among others) who, more or less gracefully - the meticulous liturgy of compliance can put off some officiants and incite buffoonery - seek to spread the cult of these values at all levels of business. Since these values are respected, they are necessarily respectable: businesses become moralized by the multitude who respect them. Existence precedes essence, and the values conveyed contribute to the businesses’ raison d’être, beyond the pursuit of profit. The question of effectiveness vanishes, since these values are already there, regularly monitored, both internally and by public authorities. Sovereignty, citizenship, effectiveness: the logic of Compliance supplants the academic debates of criminal lawyers with practical solutions. Perhaps this is how the goals are “monumental”: vast, global, overwhelming. Compliance may not be the best of all worlds, but it is most certainly another world.

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Sept. 1, 2022

Thesaurus : Doctrine

 Full Reference: J.-F. Vaquieri, "Les "Buts Monumentaux" perçus par l'entreprise. L'exemple d'Enedis" ("The "Monumental Goals" perceived by the company. The example of Enedis"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 77-84.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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 Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance):  The article aims to show how a particular company in that it is charged by the State to effectively distribute electricity to everyone in France participates in the Monumental Goals, makes them concrete and integrates them into its functioning itself. The firm Enedis, a French monopolistic State company, operator of the distribution network participates directly in these Goals under the express application of the French Energy Code. 

Under the control of the Regulator, the company is responsible for the continuity of the electricity supply and responds to the challenges of energy transition, Enedis ensuring equal treatment at national and local level, Compliance thus extending Regulatory system to which this firm responds and which it internalizes. The management of personal data, energy being at the heart of the digital revolution, implies a particularly strong internal framework of Compliance. This articulation between this new Compliance in terms of personal information and this classic Compliance as a continuation of the Regulation to serve the citizen, both converging for the benefit of people, explains that Enedis has put Compliance at the heart of its commitments, particularly expressed in its code of conduct, its industrial and human project (Projet industriel et humain - PIH) and its environmental actions.

The Compliance which is specific to Enedis is disseminated by it to various entities, in particular via concession contracts, giving these an original framework. This importance of Compliance for Enedis leads the company through the "Monumental Goals" which unite it to design and maintain balances between the diversity of these so that the values carried by the companies continue to decline, especially locally.

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Updated: Sept. 1, 2022 (Initial publication: Oct. 14, 2021)

Thesaurus : Doctrine

 Full Reference: L. Rapp, "Conformité, proportionnalité et normativité" ("Compliance, proportionality and normativity"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 177-198.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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► Summary of the article (done by the Author): Proportionality is to the exercise of powers what subsidiarity is to the exercise of competences: an indicator as well as a limit. It determines the scope and allows for control at the same time. It sets the standard, before being a standard itself. This may explain why, in principle, it is part of the judge's office and his methods of assessment. But a study of its recent evolution shows that it is gradually moving from the ex-post to the ex-ante, which makes it possible to anticipate that it will soon become an effective tool of compliance policies and a useful normative reference. The article developments demonstrate this, by explaining how one slides from the principle of proportionality to proportionality control, from proportionality control to proportional reasoning, from proportional reasoning to compliance control, and finally, in a last desirable evolution, from compliance control to the necessary proportionality of control. 

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Sept. 1, 2022

Publications

♾️ follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn

♾️ subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law 

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 Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Définition du principe de proportionnalité et définition du Droit de la Compliance" ("Definition of the Proportionality principle and definition of Compliance Law"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 245-271.

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📝read the article (in French)

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🚧read the bilingual Working Paper which is the basis of this article, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks

____

📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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 Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): The use of Proportionality always limiting powers is only justified when it is about sanctions, but sanctions are only one tool among others in Compliance Law, intended moreover to have little place in this Ex Ante branch of Law. And returning to the very nature of Compliance Law, which relies on operators, private or public, because they are powerful, then using proportionality to limite powers is detrimental to Compliance Law. 

However, nothing requires that. Compliance Law is not an exception that should be limited. On the contrary, it is a branch of Law which carries the greatest principles, aimed at protecting human beings and whose Normativity lies in its "Monumental Goals": detecting and preventing future major systemic crisis (financial, health and climate ones).

However, literally the principle of Proportionality is: "no more powers than necessary, as many powers as necessary".

The second part of the sentence is independent of the first: this must be used.

Politics having fixed these Monumental Goals, the entity, in particular the company, must have, even tacitly, "all the necessary powers" to achieve them. For example, the power of vigilance, the power of audit, the power over third parties. Because they are necessary to fulfill the obligations that these "crucial operators" must perform as they are "in a position" to do so.

So instead of limiting the powers, the Principe of Proportionality comes to support the powers, to legitimize them and to increase them, so that we have a chance that our future is not catastrophic, perhaps better.

In this respect, Compliance Law, in its rich Definition, will itself have enriched the Principle of Proportionality.

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Sept. 1, 2022

Thesaurus : Doctrine

 Full Reference: L. Meziani, "Proportionnalité en compliance, garant de l’ordre public en entreprise" ("Proportionality in Compliance, the guarantee of public order in companies"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 225-230.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): The author emphasizes the part that companies take not only in the application of Compliance mechanisms but also in their establishment, as soon as Proportionality, a mechanism that guarantees public order, is respected. It emphasizes the link between Compliance and Ethics, since the company is directly in charge of the people who work for it and in its name, the company being a way of social integration. The way in which the company organizes itself so that the people within it are treated fairly is a major factor in an effective Compliance culture.

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Sept. 1, 2022

Thesaurus : Doctrine

 Full Reference: Ch. Huglo, "À quelles conditions le droit climatique pourrait-il constituer un but monumental prioritaire ?" ("Under what conditions could Climate Law constitute a priority Monumental Goal?"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p.169-174.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): The author considers that the service that Compliance renders to Society can indeed be considered as "Monumental" and, confronting Compliance with the issue of Climate, considers that Climate Law must become not only a "Monumental Goal", but also be the first. He underlines the deep obstacles to even pose this idea, obstacles of two orders, the first being the fact that Law has rather focused on past pollution, while the stake is also the measurement of the future impact and the prevention.  The second is that the many texts and declarations have no direct binding force. It is therefore the courts which today, because of their independence and the place that Science takes in the adversarial debate that takes place before them, Civil Society bringing them the question of the Climate to which they are obliged de jure  to answer , take the decisions on the basis of which the "climate justice" is built. 

In this, Climate Law invested by Courts joins Compliance Law in the objectives pursued, putting knowledge, prevention and action to preserve what climate issue puts at stake today: Human Dignity.

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Sept. 1, 2022

Publications

♾️ follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn

♾️ subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law 

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 Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Place et rôle des entreprises dans la création et l'effectivité du Droit de la Compliance en cas de crise" ("Place and rôle of Companies in the Creation and Effectiveness of Compliance Law in Crisis"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 339-352.

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📝read the article (in French)   

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🚧read the bilingual Working Paper which is the basis of this article, with additional developments, technical references, and hyperlinks

____

📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): This article has a very topic: the place of private Companies, regarding the chapter's issue: "the ordeal of a crisis". The crisis constitutes a "test" it brings evidence. Let us take it as such.

Indeed, during the health crisis, Companies have helped the Public Authorities to resist the shock, to endure and to get out of the Crisis. They did so by force, but they also took initiatives in this direction. From this too, we must learn lessons for the next crisis that will come. It is possible that this has already started in the form of another global and systemic crisis: the environmental crisis. In view of what we have been able to observe and the evolution of the Law, of the standards adopted by the Authorities but also by the new case law, what can we expect from Companies in the face of this next Crisis, willingly and strength?

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Sept. 1, 2022

Thesaurus : Doctrine

 Full Reference: M. Malaurie-Vignal, "Les buts monumentaux du droit du marché. Réflexion sur la méthode" ("The Monumental Goals of Market Law. Reflections on the method"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 85-100.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance):  The analysis done by this article is about Competition Law, and the methodology needed to be adopted for the technical functioning of this branch of Law. Taking up the various economic and legal theories on this subject, conceptions which have succeeded and clashed, the author develops that the monumental goal of Market Law is to develop an economic environment favorable to businesses and consumers, then asks the question if it could integrate an ethical dimension and more broadly non-economic considerations, in particular humanistic ones.

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Sept. 1, 2022

Publications

♾️follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn

♾️subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law 

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 Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Les Buts Monumentaux, cœur battant du Droit de la Compliance" ("Monumental Goals, beating heart of Compliance Law"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 21-44.

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📝read the article (in French)

____

🚧read the bilingual Working Paper which is the basis of this article, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks

____

📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliancein which this article is published

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► Summary of the article:  Compliance Law can be defined as the set of processes requiring companies to show that they comply with all the regulations that apply to them. It is also possible to  define this branch of Law by a normative heart: the "Monumental Goals". These explain the technical new legal solutions, thus made them clearer, accessible and anticipable. This definition is also based on a bet, that of caring for others that human beings can have in common, a universality. 

Through the Monumental Goals, appears a definition of Compliance Law that is new, original, and specific. This new term "Compliance", even in non-English vocabulary, in fact designates a new ambition: that a systemic catastrophe shall not be repeated in the future. This Monumental Goal was designed by History, which gives it a different dimension in the United States and in Europe. But the heart is common in the West, because it is always about detecting and preventing what could produce a future systemic catastrophe, which falls under "negative monumental goals", even to act so that the future is positively different ("positive monumental goals"), the whole being articulated in the notion of "concern for others", the Monumental Goals thus unifying Compliance Law.

In this, they reveal and reinforce the always systemic nature of Compliance Law, as management of systemic risks and extension of Regulation Law, outside of any sector, which makes solutions available for non-sector spaces, in particular digital space. Because wanting to prevent the future (preventing evil from happening; making good happen) is by nature political, Compliance Law by nature concretizes ambitions of a political nature, in particular in its positive monumental goals, notably effective equality between human beings, including geographically distant or future human beings.

The practical consequences of this definition of Compliance Law by Monumental Goals are immense. A contrario, this makes it possible to avoid the excesses of a "conformity law" aimed at the effectiveness of all applicable regulations, a very dangerous perspective. This makes it possible to select effective Compliance Tools with regard to these goals, to grasp the spirit of the material without being locked into its flow of letters. This leads to not dissociating the power required of companies and the permanent supervision that the public authorities must exercise over them.

We can therefore expect a lot from such a definition of Compliance Law by its Monumental Goals. It engenders an alliance between the Political Power, legitimate to enact the Monumental Goals, and the crucial operators, in a position to concretize them and appointed because they are able to do so. It makes it possible to find global legal solutions for global systemic difficulties that are a priori insurmountable, particularly in climate matters and for the effective protection of people in the now digital world in which we live. It expresses values that can unite human beings.

In this, Compliance Law built on Monumental Goals is also a bet. Even if the requirement of "conformity" is articulated with this present conception of what Compliance Law is, this conception based on Monumental Law is based on the human ability to be free, while conformity law supposes more the human ability to obey.

Therefore Compliance Law, defined by the Monumental Goals, is essential for our future, while conformity law is not.

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Sept. 1, 2022

Thesaurus : Doctrine

 Full Reference : G. Beaussonie, "Droit pénal et Compliance font-ils système ?" ("Do Criminal Law and Compliance form a system?"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 157-166.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): By nature, Criminal Law is a system that is not intended to develop, principles which limit it being internal to it. Nevertheless if Proportionality is respected, its extension may be legitimate to preserve “fundamental social values” because Criminal Law is the branch of Law concerning what is grave, grave in consequences as in causes.

Not always being concerned by Efficiency, the temptation is important to supplement Criminal Law with other repressive mechanisms , not only Administrative Repression but today Compliance which pursues concordant objectives and aims by the "Goals Monumental ”to what would be most important and therefore for which Efficiency would be required, in particular because victory (for example against corruption) should be global.

Efficiency is obtained by the internalisation in powerful companies, but this efficiency comes at a price and Criminal Law should not impose too many obligations to do maintaining only a potential link with the commission of a "real offense ”. Its association with Compliance can therefore also only be exceptional and must not lead to forget  that Freedom must always remain the principle.

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Sept. 1, 2022

Thesaurus : Doctrine

 Full Reference: A.-V. Le Fur, "Intérêt et raison d’être de l’entreprise : quelle articulation avec les buts monumentaux de la compliance ?" ("Interest and “raison d’être” of the company: how do they fit with the Compliance Monumental Goals?"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, p. 55-67.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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► Summary of the article (done by the Author): Companies would have a soul. The legislator thinks so, since the French law called "loi Pacte"  of 22 May 2019 obliges managers to act in the Corporate Interest and allows companies to formulate themselves a « raison d'être ». Compliance Law does the same, relying on companies to save the world from corruption, slavery, terrorism and global warming, thus achieving Monumental goals.

At first glance, the contours of Corporate Interest and « raison d’être » of the company are not far removed from the notion of Compliance Monumental Goals. This is not surprising, since the objective that presided over their introduction into the French Civil Code is the same as that underlying Compliance Law : to rethink the place of the company in the global Society, by affirming long-term values or concerns. This is a reason to use these corporate law concepts in the context of an X-ray of the concept of Monumental Goals.

However, a comparative approach is disappointing. The divergences between corporate notions and compliance lead to the conclusion that company law is not intended to impose anything other than a corporate public order. Notions that are more philosophical than legal, Corporate Interest and « raison d'être » are assigned functions that limit their scope. The imperative nature of corporate rules, and this is a consequence of the above, cannot be compared with that of compliance: uncertain, it is also relative when compared with the "violence" of compliance rules. The impact of the notions of Interest and « raison d'être » remains thus mainly internal to the company.

According to a second approach, it cannot be ruled out that Corporate Interest and « raison d'être » allow for a better understanding of higher and universal values by Company Law. Corporate Interest may incorporate Compliance Monumental Goals while the « raison d'être » may constitute a perspective for the realization of these goals.

The stakes are high : when the interest of the company, as a legal person and autonomous economic agent, joins the Monumental Goals, the means of achieving the latter are multiplied by internalizing them in all companies, not just the largest ones. However, despite all good intentions, a company is only governable if the compass does not become an elusive and indecisive vane; in other words, if legal certainty is respected. This is why a legal ordering of the concepts is necessary, which ultimately leads to a suggestion of their domain, content and scope. 

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Updated: Sept. 1, 2022 (Initial publication: April 13, 2022)

Thesaurus : Doctrine

► Full Reference: N. Sudres, "Gel hydroalcoolique, Covid-19 et Compliance. Des insuffisances de la démarche de conformité à l’émergence d’îlots de compliance" ("Hydroalcoholic gel, Covid-19 and Compliance. From inadequacies of the conformity approach to the emergence of islands of Compliance"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 307-337.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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► Summary of the article (done par the Author): During the Covid-19 Crisis, managing the manufacture, prices, and availability of hydro-alcoholic gel, a key product in the fight against Covid-19 transmission, provides an issue to measure both the limits and resources of Compliance Law. 

While the Culture of "conformity" with the Antitrust Law was insufficient to counter the surge in the issue of the prices of   hydro-alcoholic gels and masks, implying the use of tools that seem the opposite of Compliance by State (such as price fixation and requisitioning), mechanisms inspired by them have been put in place to deal with other problems linked to the availability of Essential Goods in times of Health Crisis.

It remains in question whether these mechanisms should inspire the conception of stable Compliance Standards in the future.

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Sept. 1, 2022

Thesaurus : Doctrine

► Référence complète : M. Segonds, "Compliance, proportionnalité et sanction" ("Compliance, proportionality and sanction"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 231-244.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): Before devoting the developments of his article to the sole perspective of sanctions imposed under "Anti-corruption Compliance", the author recalls in a more general way that, as is the sanction, Compliance is in essence proportional: Proportionality is inherent to Compliance as it conditions any sanction, including a sanction imposed under Compliance.

This link between Proportionality and Compliance has been underlined by the French Anti-Corruption Agency (Agence française anticorruption - AFA) with regard to risk mapping, which must measure risks to arrive at effective and proportional measures. This same spirit of proportionality animates the recommendations of the AFA which are intended to apply according to the size of the company and its concrete organisation. It governs sanctions even more, in that punitive sanctions refer on one hand to Criminal Law, centered on the requirement of proportionality. Punitive sanctions It governs sanctions even more, in that punitive sanctions refer on the other hand to the disciplinary power of the manager who, from other sources of law, must integrate the legal requirement of proportionality when he/she applies external and internal compliance norms.

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Sept. 1, 2022

Thesaurus : Doctrine

 Full Reference: J.-Ch. Roda, "Compliance, enquêtes internes et compétitivité internationale : quels risques pour les entreprises françaises (à la lumière du droit antitrust) ?" ("Compliance, internal investigations and international competitiveness: what are risks for the French companies (in the light of Antitrust Law)?"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 367-380.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): The author draws on American and European Competition Law to measure whether internal investigations, as far as they provide factual elements, can provide foreign authorities and competitors, here American, with "sensitive information" (notably via leniency programs), and as such constitute a competitive handicap. But this turns out to be quite difficult, whereas compliance audits, for example under the legal duty of vigilance, can provide American litigants with useful information, drawn from internal documents, in particular the reports of compliance officers, which can be captured by the procedures of discovery.

French law remains weak face of these dangers, due to its refusal to recognize the legal privilege mechanism concerning these internal documents, contrary to the American Law and the consequent effectiveness of discovery in international procedures, concerning internal documents, in particular resulting from internal investigations. Solutions have been proposed, the activation of a new conception of blocking laws being complex, the prospect of adopting a legal privilege being more effective, but there would remain the hypothesis of an international conflict of privilege, American Law having a strict design of legal advice justifying it and judges checking that  powerful companies do not use it artificially.

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Sept. 1, 2022

Thesaurus : Doctrine

 Full Reference: B. Deffains, "L’enjeu économique de compétitivité internationale de la compliance" ("The economic challenge of international competitiveness of Compliance"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 355-366.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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► Summary of the article (done by the Author, translated by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance) :  "Compliance", which can be define as obedience to the regulations is a stake for the company in that it can choose as a strategy to do it or not to do it, according to what costs it and brings it such a choice. This same choice of understanding is offered to the author of the norm, the Legislator or the Judge, even the entire legal system making regulation more or less expensive, and compliance with it for businesses. So when the French law known as “Vigilance law” was adopted in 2017, the French Parliament was criticized for dealing a blow to the “international competitiveness” of French companies. ”Today, it is on its model that the  European Directive is conceived. The extraterritoriality attached to Compliance Law, often presented as an economic aggression, is nevertheless a consubstantial effect, with its desire to claim to protect beyond borders. , coming us back to a classic question in Economics: what is the price of virtue?

To fuel a debate that began a few centuries ago, it is on the side of the issues that the analysis must be made economically. Indeed, Compliance Law is not only located in Ex Ante, to prevent, detect, remedy, reorganize the future, but also claims to face more "monumental" difficulties than traditional branches of Law. And it is concretely by examining the new instruments that Compliance Law has put in place and offered or imposed on companies that the question of international competitiveness must be examined. The mechanisms of information, secrecy, accountability or responsibility, which have a great effect on the international competitiveness of companies and systems, have changed and their measure has not yet been taken.

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Sept. 1, 2022

Thesaurus : Doctrine

 Full Reference: R.-O. Maistre, "Quels buts fondamentaux pour le régulateur dans un paysage audiovisuel et numérique en pleine mutation ?" ("What Monumental Goals for the regulator in a rapidly changing audiovisual and digital landscape?"), ​in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 47-54.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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🎥 read the presentation of the interview between Marie-Anne Frison-Roche et Roch-Olivier Maistre on the basis of this article 

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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): In France, since the law of 1982 which put an end to the State monopoly on the audio-visual area, the landscape has profoundly evolved and diversified. In view of the multitude of players who are now established there, the Autorité de régulation de la communication audiovisuelle et numérique - Arcom (French Audiovisual and Digital Regulatory High Council) must ensure the economic balance of the sector and the respect for pluralism, in the interest of all audiences. The growing societal responsibilities of audiovisual media and new digital players have multiplied the "monumental goals" on which the Arcom) is watching.

Its competences have gradually been extended to the digital space and the successive laws concerning its missions aim at new objectives, in particular in terms of protection of minors, fight against online hate or against disinformation. The emergence of a new European model of Regulation makes it possible to give substance to these additional goals, the Regulator adopting a systemic perspective and calling on soft law tools to fulfill its new missions.

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