Feb. 21, 2025
Organization of scientific events
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche & G. Loiseau (dir.), Durabilité de l'Internet : le rôle des opérateurs du système des noms de domaine. Compliance et régulation de l'espace numérique (Sustainability of the Internet: the role of the operators of the domain name system. Compliance and regulation of the digital space), Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Institut de Recherche Juridique de la Sorbonne (André Tunc - IRJS), Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University, 21 Fabruary 2025
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► General presentation of this symposium: The digital space has been built on and as a system. Its primary interest is of a negative nature: it consists of to be preserved against the prospect of systemic failure, of not collapsing. Like all other systems, this 'Monumental Goal' specific to the digital system justifies resources that incorporate this concern for the future. As with all systems, it integrates and relies on the specific technical nature of this system.
The digital space is largely based on the invention, technology and architecture of domain names. Domain names, as an addressing system, enable users to enter the digital space and find other Internet users. The uniqueness and solidity of the domain name system, entrusted to a single root and decentralisation, makes this community possible for those who use the digital space and ensures the technical durability required, without which the digital space would be compromised.
The architecture, operation, operators and what they do under the control of legislators, regulators, judges and legal subjects are therefore examined from a dual technical and legal perspective, in the light of the imperative of sustainability.
This allows to progress in 4 stages.
Firstly, to examine the permanence in time and space of the domain name system, insofar as it is the foundation of the Internet and the digital system. This technical construction gives rise to legal qualifications, not only for the present but also for the future, since the Web3 offers new technical solutions.
Secondly, this technical sustainability is an imperative that is built into the operators of the domain names themselves, which are inter-linked not only at national level but also at global level, this cross-linking being necessary for the security of the system. The State is present through public law techniques that enable surveillance, control and possible recovery.
Thirdly, it imposes constraints on the operators subject to them in order to serve this monumental goal of technical sustainability, and these constraints themselves generate as many powers as they need to usefully achieve this mission. This proportionality must be at the heart of the method and the requirements. The relationship between constraints and powers also stems from it.
Fourthly, this imperative of technical sustainability, which is global in nature, gives way to imperatives of societal sustainability, more localised in space and time, when domain name operators are called upon by the legitimate authors of binding standards, legislators in the first instance, to express concerns such as the protection of people involved in the digital space and whose rights are compromised or who are in danger.
This second type of sustainability, which is more localised and less inherent in the architecture of the Internet, is justified by the available power of the operators concerned and their adherence to social imperatives. The resulting constraints and powers are therefore not the same.
The 2 sustainabilities must then be articulated in a conception that is both teleological and pragmatic.
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► Speakers (they will speak in French, but the book to be published will be in English):
🎤Pierre Bonis, Chief Executive Officer of the Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération (Afnic)
🎤Lucien Castex, Adviser of the Afnic Chief Executive Officer for Research internet and society and Internet governance
🎤Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Full Professor of Regulatory and Compliance Law, Director of the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC)
🎤Claire Leveneur, Senior Lecturer at Paris-Est Créteil University
🎤Grégoire Loiseau, Full Professor at Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University
🎤Samir Merabet, Full Professor at the University of West Indies
🎤Antoine Oumedjkane, Senior Lecturer at Lille University
🎤Frédéric Sardain, attorney at law, Jeantet law firm
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read below a detailed presentation of this event⤵️
Dec. 12, 2024
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, La chaîne de valeur, nouvel espace de Régulation par la Compliance, document de travail, décembre 2024
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📝 Ce document de travail est la base de l'article, "La chaîne de valeur, nouvel espace de régulation par la compliance", in 📕L'Obligation de Compliance
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► Résumé du document de travail :
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🔓lire le document de travail ci-dessous⤵️
Dec. 6, 2024
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Régulation et Compliance", in série de vidéos Surplomb, 6 décembre 2024
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Oct. 29, 2024
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Droit processuel de la Régulation et de la Compliance", in série de vidéos Surplomb, 29 octobre 2024
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la série de vidéos dédiée à la Régulation, la Compliance et la Vigilance
Sept. 27, 2024
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "La durabilité, coeur dynamique de la Régulation et de la Compliance", in série de vidéos Surplomb, 27 septembre 2024
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Sept. 20, 2024
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "De quoi la nouvelle chambre du TJ Paris est-elle le signe ?", in série de vidéos Surplomb, 20 septembre 2024
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Sept. 17, 2024
Thesaurus : Soft Law
► Référence complète : TJ Paris, Présidence du tribunal judiciaire, Pôle activité économique et commerciale, 34ème chambre, Communiqué de presse relatif à la création de la 34ème chambre, intitulée "Chambre de la régulation sociale, économique et environnementale", 17 septembre 2024
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📧consulter sur LinkedIn l'article publié par Marie-Anne Frison-Roche dans la Newsletter MAFR. Regulation, Compliance, Law, à propos de la création de cette 34ième chambre du TJ Paris
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Sept. 9, 2024
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : M. Draghi, The future of European competitiveness, rapport, septembre 2024, 397 p., dit "rapport Draghi"
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📓lire la première partie du rapport Draghi, A competitiveness strategy for Europe
► Référence complète : M. Draghi, The future of European competitiveness. Part A - A competitiveness strategy for Europe, rapport, septembre 2024, 69 p.
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📓lire la seconde partie du rapport Draghi, In-depth analysis and recommendations
► Référence complète : M. Draghi, The future of European competitiveness. Part B - In-depth analysis and recommendations, rapport, septembre 2024, 328 p.
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May 27, 2024
Organization of scientific events
► Full Reference: Les contrôles techniques des risques présents sur les plateformes et les contentieux engendrés (Technical risks controls on platforms and disputes arising from them), in cycle of conference-debates "Contentieux Systémique Émergent" ("Emerging Systemic Litigation"), organised on the initiative of the Cour d'appel de Paris (Paris Cour of Appeal), with the Cour de cassation (French Court of cassation), the Cour d'appel de Versailles (Versailles Court of Appeal), the École nationale de la magistrature - ENM (French National School for the Judiciary) and the École de formation des barreaux du ressort de la Cour d'appel de Paris - EFB (Paris Bar School), under the scientific direction of Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, May 27, 2024, 9h-10h30, Cour d'appel de Paris, Cassin courtroom
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🧮see the full programme of the cycle Contentieux Systémique Émergent (Emerging Systemic Litigation)
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🌐see on LinkedIn the report of this event
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🧱read below the report of this event⤵️
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► Presentation of the conference: The digital space is full of risks. Some are naturally associated with it, because it is an area of freedom, while others must be countered because they are associated with generally prohibited behaviour, such as money laundering. But the digital space has developed risks which, because of their scale, have been transformed in their very nature: this is particularly true of the distortion permeating certain content and the insecurity that can threaten the entire system itself. Law has therefore entrusted operators themselves with vigilance over what have become ‘cyber-risks’, such as the risk of disinformation, the risk of destruction of communication infrastructures, and the risk of data theft, a systemic prospect that can lead to the collapse of societies themselves.
New legislations has been drafted, in particular the Digital Services Act (DSA), to increase the burdens and powers of firms in this area, with digital companies in the front line, but also supervisory authorities such as the Autorité de régulation de la communication audiovisuelle et numérique - Arcom (French Regulatory Authority for Audiovisual and Digital Communication). The resulting disputes, in which firms and regulators may be allies or opponents, are systemic in nature.
The judge's handling of these "systemic cases", through the procedure and the solutions, must respond to this systemic dimension. The "pornographic websites" case, which is currently unfolding, provides an opportunity to observe in vivo the dialogue between judges when a "systemic case" imposes itself on them.
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🧮Programme of this event:
Third conference-debate
LES CONTRÔLES TECHNIQUES DES RISQUES PRÉSENTS SUR LES PLATEFORMES ET LES CONTENTIEUX ENGENDRÉS
(TECHNICAL RISKS CONTROLS ON PLATFORMS AND DISPUTES ARISING FROM THEM)
Paris Court of Appeal, Cassin courtroom
Moderated by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Professor of Regulatory and Compliance Law, Director of the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC)
🕰️9h-9h10. 🎤Le contentieux Systémique Emergent du fait du système numériqué (Systemic Litigation Emerging from the Digital System), 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
🕰️9h10-9h30. 🎤Les techniques de gestion du risque systémique pesant sur la cybersécurité des plateformes (The Systemic Obligation of Security on Platforms and associated Litigation), 🕴️Michel Séjean, Professor of Law at Sorbonne Paris Nord University
🕰️9h30-9h50. 🎤Un cas systémique in vivo : le cas dit des sites pornographiques (An in vivo Systemic Case: the so-called case of pornographic websites),🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
🕰️9h50-10h10. 🎤Les obligations systémiques des opérateurs numériques à travers le Règlement sur les Services Numériques (RSN/DSA) et le rôle des régulateurs (Systemic Obligations of Operators (DSA) and the role of Regulators), 🕴️Roch-Olivier Maistre, Chair of the Autorité de régulation de la communication audiovisuelle et numérique - Arcom (French Regulatory Authority for Audiovisual and Digital Communication)
🕰️10h10-10h30. Debate
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🔴Registrations and information requests can be sent to: inscriptionscse@gmail.com
🔴For the attorneys, registrations have to be sent to the following address: https://evenium.events/cycle-de-conferences-contentieux-systemique-emergent/
⚠️The conference-debates are held in person only, in the Cour d’appel de Paris (Paris Court of Appeal).
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April 18, 2024
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► Full reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "L’usage des puissances privées par le droit de la compliance pour servir les droits de l’homme" (Use of private companies by Compliance Law to serve Human Rights) , in J. Andriantsimbazovina (dir.), Puissances privées et droits de l'Homme. Essai d'analyse juridique, Mare Martin, coll. "Horizons européens", 2024, pp. 279-295
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🚧read the Bilingual Working Paper on which this article is based, with more technical developments, references and hypertext links
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► English Summary of this article: Following the legal tradition, Law creates a link between power with a legitimate source, the State, public power being its prerogative, while private companies exercise their power only in the shadow of this public power exercised ex ante. The triviality of Economic Law, of which Competition Law is at the heart, consisting of the activity of companies that use their power on markets, relegates the action of the State to the rank of an exception, admissible if the State, which claims to exercise this contrary power, justifies it. The distribution of roles is thus reversed, in that the places are exchanged, but the model of opposition is shared. This model of opposition exhausts the forces of the organisations, which are relegated to being the exception. However, if we want to achieve great ambitions, for example to give concrete reality to human rights beyond the legal system within which the public authorities exercise their normative powers, we must rely on a new branch of Law, remarkable for its pragmatism and the scope of the ambitions, including humanist ambitions, that it embodies: Compliance Law.
Compliance Law is thus the branch of Law which makes the concern for others, concretised by human rights, borne by the entities in a position to satisfy it, that is to say the systemic entities, of which the large companies are the direct subjects of law (I). The result is a new division between Public Authorities, legitimate to formulate the Monumental Goal of protecting human beings, and private organisations, which adjust to this according to the type of human rights and the means put in place to preserve them. Corporations are sought after because they are powerful, in that they are in a position to make human rights a reality, in their indifference to territory, in the centralisation of Information, technologies and economic, human, and financial means. This alliance is essential to ensure that the system does not lead to a transfer of political choices from Public Authorities to private companies; this alliance leads to systemic efficiency. The result is a new definition of sovereignty as we see it taking shape in the digital space, which is not a particular sector since it is the world that has been digitalised, the climate issue justifying the same new distribution of roles (II).
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📝read the article (in French)
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April 4, 2024
Publications
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Le rôle du juge dans le déploiement du droit de la régulation par le droit de la compliance" ("Synthesis: The role of the Judge in the deployment of Regulatory Law through Compliance Law"), Synthesis in Conseil d'État (French Council of State) and Cour de cassation (French Court of cassation), De la régulation à la compliance : quel rôle pour le juge ? Regards croisés du Conseil d'Etat et de la Cour de cassation - Colloque du 2 juin 2023, La Documentation française, "Droits et Débats" Serie, 2024, pp. 173-182
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🚧read the bilingual Working Paper which is the basis of this article, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks
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► Presentation of this concluding article: It is remarkable to note the unity of conception and practice between professionals who tend to work in administrative jurisdictions and professionals who tend to work in judicial jurisdictions: they all note, in similar terms, an essential movement: what Regulatory Law is, how it has been transformed into Compliance Law, and how in one and even more so in the other the Judge is at the centre of it.
Judges, as well as Regulators and European officials, explain this and use different examples to illustrate the far-reaching changes it brings to the Law and to the companies responsible for increasing the systemic effectiveness of the rules through the practice and dissemination of a Culture of Compliance.
The role of the judge participating in this Ex Ante transformation is renewed, whether he/she is a judge of Public Law or a judge of Private Law, in a greater unity of the legal system.
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► English Summary of this article: The tug-of-war between 'Compliance' and 'conformity', which is exhausting us, obscures what is essential, i.e. the great novelty of a branch of law that assumes a humanist vision expressing the ambition to shape the future so that it is not catastrophic (preventing systems from collapsing), or even better (protecting human beings in these systems).
The article begins by describing the emergence of Compliance Law, as an extension of Regulatory Law and going beyond it. This new branch of law takes account of our new world, brings its benefits and seeks to counter these systemic dangers so that human beings could be their beneficiaries and are not crushed by them. This branch of Ex Ante Law is therefore political, often supported by public Authorities, such as Regulatory Authorities, but today it goes beyond sectors, as shown by its cutting edge, the Obligation of Vigilance.
The "Monumental Goals" in which Compliance Law is normatively anchored imply a teleological interpretation, leading to an "empowerment" of the crucial operators, not only States but also companies, responsible for the effectiveness of the many new Compliance Tools.
The article goes on to show that Judges are increasingly central to Compliance Law. Lawsuits are designed to make companies more accountable. In this transformation, the role of the judge is also to remain the guardian of the Rule of Law, both in the protection of the rights of the defence and in the protection of secrets. Efficiency is not what defines Compliance, which should not be reduced to a pure and simple method of efficiency, which would lead to being an instrument of dictatorship. This is why the principle of Proportionality is essential in the judge's review of the requirements arising from this so powerful branch of Law.
The courts are thus faced with a new type of dispute, of a systemic nature, in their own area, which must not be distorted: the Area of Justice.
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📝read article (in French)
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Feb. 15, 2024
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: A. Bruneau, "The company judges itself: the Compliance function in the bank", in M.A. Frison-Roche, (ed.), Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant, coll. "Compliance & Regulation", 2024, pp. 127-145
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📘read a general presentation of the book, Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article: First, it should be remembered that the compliance function was born within finance, and that by being structured, it has evolved to support the transition from regulatory law to compliance law. Through these changes, compliance has gone from an ex-post controlling function to an ex-ante binding function. The LIBOR crisis imperfectly illustrates the primacy of this transition. The evolution of this role is illustrated by concrete examples. Firstly, the management of reputational risk is a fundamental part of the company as prosecutor and judge of itself. Reputational risk is a significant element for a financial institution, because it can have negative consequences on its capitalization, or even culminate in a systemic crisis. Avoiding a large-scale financial crisis is also part of the monumental goals of compliance.
In order to avoid complex and inopportune scenarios, compliance law intervenes as early as possible and identifies issues that may impact reputation. The regulations require the implementation of certain ex ante mechanisms. The French law known as "Sapin 2" requires the implementation of tools that concern all companies (and not just banks). Indeed, beyond the risk of reputation, it is essential to consider the risk of corruption. Consideration of reputational risk may justify refusing to execute certain transactions. From this perspective, compliance must assess the potential consequences of entering into a relationship with a new client upstream, sometimes to decline the provision of services. The compliance function therefore unilaterally judges the relationship with a view to managing the company reputational risk.
Secondly, the internal sanction mechanism established by compliance law is also discussed in this article, in particular the internal sanctions adopted by compliance in a financial institution.
Compliance can act as a prosecutor via management committees set up within the business lines. In addition, compliance can determine and apply sanctions against employees. In this way, there is a dual role of prosecutor and judge for the compliance function within the framework of an extraordinary mechanism of ordinary law.
Finally, the analysis deals with the case of the "judge-judged": following a decision by the bank, the regulator may take an even stricter position by believing that the bank is applying its guidelines incorrectly. Thus, the compliance law, which takes hold within the banking enterprise, finds itself under the judgment of its own regulator. The company finds itself judged and comes to be a prosecutor and judge of itself, but also of its clients.
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🦉This article is available in full text to those registered for Professor Marie-Anne Frison-Roche's courses
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Feb. 15, 2024
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: L.-M. Augagneur, "The jurisdictionalisation of reputation by platforms", in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant, coll. "Compliance & Regulation", 2024, pp.109-125
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📘read a general presentation of the book, Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Author): The large platforms are in the position of arbiter of the reputation economy (referencing, notoriety) in which they themselves act. Although the stakes are usually low on a unit basis, the jurisdiction of reputation represents significant aggregate stakes. Platforms are thus led to detect and assess reputation manipulations (by users: SEO, fake reviews, fake followers; or by the platforms themselves as highlighted by the Google Shopping decision issued by the European Commission in 2017) that are implemented on a large scale with algorithmic tools.
The identification and treatment of manipulations is itself only possible by means of artificial intelligence tools. Google thus proceeds with an automated downgrading mechanism for sites that do not follow its guidelines, with the possibility of requesting a review through a very summary procedure entirely conducted by an algorithm. Tripadvisor, on the other hand, uses an algorithm to detect false reviews based on "fraud modeling to identify electronic patterns that cannot be detected by the human eye". It only conducts a human investigation in limited cases.
This jurisdictionality of reputation has little in common with that defined by the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice (legal origin, contradictory procedure, independence, application of the Rules of Law). It is characterized, on the one hand, by the absence of transparency of the rules and even of the existence of rules stated in predicative form and applied by deductive reasoning. It is replaced by an inductive probabilistic model by the identification of abnormal behaviors in relation to centroids. This approach of course raises the issue of statistical bias. More fundamentally, it reflects a transition from Rule of Law, not so much to "Code is Law" (Laurence Lessig), but to "Data is Law", that is, to a governance of numbers (rather than "by" numbers). It also comes back to a form of collective jurisdictionality, since the sanction comes from a computational apprehension of the phenomena of the multitude and not from an individual appreciation. Finally, it appears particularly consubstantial with compliance, since it is based on a teleological approach (the search for a finality rather than the application of principles).
On the other hand, this jurisdictionality is characterized by man-machine cooperation, whether in the decision-making process (which poses the problem of automaticity bias) or in the contradictory procedure (which poses, in particular, the problems of discussion with the machine and the explicability of the machine response).
Until now, the supervision of these processes has been based essentially on the mechanisms of transparency, a limited adversarial requirement and the accessibility of appeal channels. The French Law Loi pour une République Numérique ("Law for a Digital Republic"), the European Legislation Platform-to-Business Regulation and the Omnibus Directive, have thus set requirements on the ranking criteria on platforms. The Omnibus Directive also requires that professionals guarantee that reviews come from consumers through reasonable and proportionate measures. As for the European Digital Services Act, it provides for transparency on content moderation rules, procedures and algorithms. But this transparency is often a sham. In the same way and for the moment the requirements of sufficient human intervention and adversarial processes appear very limited in the draft text.
The most efficient forms of this jurisdictionality ultimately emerge from the role played by third parties in a form of participatory dispute resolution. Thus, for example, FakeSpot detects false Tripadvisor reviews, Sistrix establishes a ranking index that helped establish the manipulation of Google's algorithm in the Google Shopping case by detecting artifacts based on algorithm changes. Moreover, the draft Digital Services Act envisages recognizing a specific status for trusted flaggers who identify illegal content on platforms.
This singular jurisdictional configuration (judge and party platform, massive situations, algorithmic systems for handling manipulations) thus leads us to reconsider the grammar of the jurisdictional process and its characteristics. If Law is a language (Alain Sériaux), it offers a new grammatical form that would be that of the middle way (mesotès) described by Benevéniste. Between the active and the passive way, there is a way in which the subject carries out an action in which he includes himself. Now, it is the very nature of this jurisdictionality of compliance to make laws by including oneself in them (nomos tithestai). In this respect, the irruption of artificial intelligence in this jurisdictional treatment undoubtedly bears witness to the renewal of the language of Law.
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🦉This article is available in full text to those registered for Professor Marie-Anne Frison-Roche's courses
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Feb. 9, 2024
Organization of scientific events
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► Full Reference: L. Aynès, M.-A. Frison-Roche, J.-B. Racine and E. Silva-Romero (dir.), L'arbitrage international en renfort de l'obligation de Compliance (International Arbitration in support of the Compliance Obligation), Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Institute of World Business Law of the ICC (Institute), Conseil Économique Social et Environnemental (CESE), Paris, February 9, 2024
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🏗️This symposium takes place in the cycle of symposiums organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and its partners Universities, focusing in 2023-2024 on the general theme of the Compliance Obligation
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📚The works will then be inserted in the books:
📕L'obligation de Compliance, to be published in the 📚Régulations & Compliance Serie, co-published by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, published in French.
📘Compliance Obligation, to be published on the 📚Compliance & Regulation Serie, co-published by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, published in English.
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► General presentation of the symposium: "Compliance Obligation" appears to be far from International Arbitration if Compliance Law is only understood in terms of binding regulations or even Criminal Law. Arbitration would only have contact with Compliance Obligation in a repulsive way, when a person claims to have enforced a contract before an arbitration court that disregards a compliance prohibition, e.g. corruption or money laundering. It is therefore from a negative angle that the cross-over has taken place.
The fact that Arbitration Law respects the requisite of Criminal Law is nothing new. Moreover, the power of Compliance in its detection and prevention tools, particularly in terms of evidence, no doubt increases the global efficiency.
But Compliance Obligation is based on Monumental Goals, notably linked to global human rights and active ambitions about environment and climate which, particularly in the value chain economy, take the legal form of compliance clauses, or even compliance contracts, or various commitments and plans, which the parties can ask the international arbitrator to enforce. They will do so even more as arbitrators are often the only international, or even global, judges available.
The use they will do of Contract Law, Quasi-Contract Law, Enforcement Law, Tort Law, reinforces Compliance Law in a global dimension.
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► Interviennent :
🎤 Laurent Aynès, emeritus Professor at Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University, Attorney, Darrois Villey Maillot Brochier (Paris)
🎤 Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Professor of Regulatory and Compliance Law, Director of the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC)
🎤 Jean-François Guillemin, former General Secretary of the Bouygues Group
🎤 Christophe Lapp, Attorney, Advant Altana (Paris)
🎤 Jean-Baptiste Racine, Full Professor at Paris Panthéon-Assas University (Paris 2)
🎤 Eduardo Silva-Romero, President of the Institute of World Business Law of the ICC (Institute), Attorney, Wordstone (Paris)
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🧮Read a detailed presentation of the event below⤵️
Feb. 9, 2024
Conferences
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Préalable : ce qu'est un engagement" ("Prerequisite: the Commitment"), in L. Aynès, M.-A. Frison-Roche, J.-B. Racine and E. Silva-Romero (dir.), L'arbitrage international en renfort de l'obligation de Compliance (International Arbitration in support of the Compliance Obligation), Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Institute of World Business Law of the ICC (Institute), Conseil Économique Social et Environnemental (CESE), Paris, February 9, 2024
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🧮see the full programme of this event
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🌐consult on LinkedIn a general presentation of this event, which links to a presentation of each speech (in French)
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🔲see the slides used to support the presentation (in French)
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🎤see a presentation of the conference "Préalable : ce qu'est l'Obligation de Compliance" ("Prerequisite: what is the Compliance Obligation"), given at the same symposium
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🎤see a presentation of the conference "Le renforcement des engagements de Compliance par le renvoi Ex Ante à l'arbitrage international" ("Reinforcing Compliance commitments by referring Ex Ante to International Arbitration") which was finally not pronounced but will be the subject of an 📝article in the forthcoming book 📘Compliance Obligation
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► Presentation of the conference: Having defined the Compliance Obligation in "Préalable : ce qu'est l'Obligation de Compliance" ("Prerequisite: what is the Compliance Obligation"), I set out to define what a commitment is.
No one doubts that commitments, as words, constitute facts that can engage the liability of companies if there are inconsistencies or lies. The question today is whether a commitment can constitute a legal act, binding in ex ante.
Companies make commitments either to fulfil their legal Compliance obligations, which is simply obeying the law, or to express their own wishes, either for themselves or for others. The cases are often confused, even though the scope is not the same.
If the commitment takes the form of a contract, Compliance is concerned if the contract is used as an Ex Ante Compliance Tool📎
The commitment, a concept that comes more from the Economics of Regulation, was conceived between a Regulatory Authority and a Company: it is the unilateral decision of the Authority that gives legal force to the commitment. Case law confirms this (Conseil d'État (French Council of State)📎
If commitment is central to Compliance, particularly Vigilance, it is because Compliance Law is an extension of Regulatory Law📎
In drawing up a plan, the company is fulfilling its legal obligation. But if we were to consider that it is a commitment, then we would also have to consider that the plan is the result of its will, that it must consult the stakeholders in its preparation, but that the source of the plan is its will: the provisions are not stipulations, are not applications of the law, but unilateral voluntary provisions.
In this respect, and because its source is the will of the company (which does not prevent its co-construction), a plan could contain a "graduated offer" of arbitration.
This offer could be included in commitments that are less regulated by law, such as those made in the context of CSR.
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🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📘Compliance Tools, 2021.
Jan. 12, 2024
Conferences
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► Full Reference : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Conclusion. Compliance et contrats publics : une alliance naturelle" ("Conclusion. Compliance and Public Contracts: a natural alliance"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche, C. Gilles & A. Oumedjkane (dir.), Compliance et contrats publics (Compliance and public contracts), Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC), Centre de recherches et d’études administratives de Montpellier (CREAM) and Centre d’Études et de Recherches Comparatives Constitutionnelles et Politiques (CERCOP) of the Montpellier University, Faculté de droit et de science politique de Montpellier, 39 rue de l’Université, Amphiteatre C Paul Valéry, January 12, 2024
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🧮see the full programme of this event
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✏️read the notes taken on the spot to draw up the symposium conclusion
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🌐consult on LinkedIn a general presentation of this event, which links to a presentation of each speech (in French)
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🧱consult the co-organisation sheet of this event, giving an account of the various speakers
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► English Summary of the conference: Firstly, it would appear that, as with all the contracts studied in the area of Compliance, public contracts are, for the public authorities or public companies, an instrument through which they implement the Compliance Obligation imposed on them by the laws and regulations. Public bodies involved in public contracts are particularly concerned because of the points of contact, even intimacy, between Compliance Law and the general interest. But the contract, whether public or private, remains in its classic conception what results from the expression of two wills which exchange their consents📎
Secondly, in terms of free will, public contracts can be the means by which public bodies and their co-contractors express their conception of what needs to be done to preserve the future, for example in environmental and social matters. On the contrary, the seemingly technical issue of exclusions from public contracts, whether they be automatic exclusions or optional exclusions, expresses the extent to which economically powerful players (public authorities, municipalities, public companies) take care of each other. In this respect, Compliance Law runs counter to Competition Law📎
But thirdly, the public contract, in that it expresses the general interest by its very nature, its ex ante nature reinforces regulatory action and the nature of Compliance as an extension of Regulation📎
Moreover, fourthly, the public contract appears to be the model for the Compliance Contract. The public contract is a model first of all because of the central place of the general interest. The "Monumental Goals" in which the substantive definition of Compliance Law is anchored📎
The public contract is also a model because the contract is handled by a powerful party, in this case the public entity. The subject of Compliance Law is the powerful company, and only that company, chosen because it is powerful and because it uses that power to achieve the Monumental Goals. In this respect, the "exorbitant powers" that characterise the public contractor are reconstituted either by Compliance laws or by stipulations, which confer on all obliged or voluntary companies - by virtue of CSR, which has many points of contact with Compliance Law as long as it is not confused with obeying the applicable regulations (which is what "conformity" is)📎
The judge is the one who, through contractual litigation, both public and private, will bring to life these Monumental Goals desired by the State, carried by powerful entities (administration, companies), pledge of the Rule of Law📎
These include contractual mechanisms for information, audit, disclosure, control, collaboration, supervision, etc., through which the company, whether private or public, takes charge of the structure it has created, for example the value chain it masters📎
It can therefore be concluded that this logic of a public contract as an instrument of administrative action to achieve goals of general interest, now fully taken up in Compliance Law, must be acculturated into the Ordinary Contract Law and must be preserved in Public Contract Law, which presupposes a new balance with Competition Law, which for a long time carried within Public Law a contract model without concern for sustainability or the collective interest. To achieve this, dialogue between judges is essential. The Conseil d'État (French Council of State) and the Cour de cassation (French Court of cassation) set the example📎
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📝This conference will be followed by an article, "The public contract, model of the Compliance Contract", which will be published in the book 📘Compliance and contract.
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🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 🚧Competition Law and Compliance Law, 2018.
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📕Régulation, Supervision, Compliance (Regulation, Supervision, Compliance), 2017.
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Compliance Monumental Goals, beating heart of Compliance Law, in 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📘Compliance Monumental Goals, 2022.
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Reinforce the Judge and the Lawyer to impose Compliance Law as a characteristic of the Rule of Law, in 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📘Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, 2023.
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Reinforce the Judge and the Lawyer to impose Compliance Law as a characteristic of the Rule of Law, in 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📘Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, 2023.
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Assessment of whistleblowing and the obligation of vigilance regarding International Competitiveness, in 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📘Compliance Monumental Goals, 2022.
Conseil d'État (French Council of State) and Cour de cassation (French Court of cassation), 📗Du droit de la régulation au droit de la compliance : quel rôle pour le juge ?, La Documentation Française, 2024 (to be published).
Nov. 17, 2023
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : P. Barban, "Le cadre européen relatif aux technologies de registre distribué et à la blockchain – Analyse critique des nouvelles techniques législatives en droit de l’Union", Revue des Affaires Européennes (R.A.E.), 2023/2, pp. 487-500
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► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteur) : "The emergence and deployment of distributed ledger technology, including blockchain, has led to the emergence of tokens that are traded and speculated on. The European Union has decided to regulate these tokens. Faced with a protean object and a risk of destabilising the regulatory structure of financial law, it has used several new legislative techniques, namely experimentation and replication. The aim of this study is to analyse both the substance of these regulations and to take a critical look at these new methods, which are likely to be used again in the future."
(Free translation : "L'émergence et le déploiement de la technologie des registres distribués, dont la blockchain, a conduit à l'émergence de jetons qui font l'objet d'échanges et de spéculations. L'Union européenne a décidé de réglementer ces jetons. Face à un objet protéiforme et à un risque de déstabilisation de l'édifice réglementaire du droit financier, elle a eu recours à plusieurs nouvelles techniques législatives, à savoir l'expérimentation et la réplication. L'objectif de cette étude est d'analyser à la fois le contenu de cette réglementation et de porter un regard critique sur ces nouvelles méthodes, susceptibles d'être réutilisées à l'avenir.")
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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
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Nov. 17, 2023
Publications
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "The deployment of Regulatory Law through Compliance Law in the European project", in G. Hardy & F. Picod, Compliance Regulation from a European Perspective, Law and European Affairs (L.E.A.), 2023/2, pp. 345-352.
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🚧read the bilingual Working Paper which is the basis of this article, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks
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► English Summary of the article: Compliance Law is neither a method of obeying regulations, nor a simple neutral method of ensuring the effectiveness of norms, nor a means of enforcement displaced from Ex Post to Ex Ante. It is an extension of Regulatory Law and goes beyond it. Like it, it aims to build spaces according to a political project specific to an area, such as Europe. Branch of Law looking to the future as Regulatory Law does, it constructs and maintains, in a systemic way, sustainable, albeit unstable, balances to achieve the ‘Monumental Goals’ in which its normativity resides: security, sustainability, probity, truth, and dignity. By internalising these Monumental Goals in the companies that are in a position to achieve them, the “crucial companies”, Compliance Law preserves the logic of Regulatory Law, offering it a prodigious expansion since it frees it from the condi- tion of a sector and territorial borders, which seemed tautological, by associating private powers and public will, which remains primary. In this way, Compliance can regulate the digital space and climate issue through political choices made by a sovereign Europe.
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Sept. 1, 2023
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : J. Groffe-Charrier, "Contrôle de l’âge du public de contenus pornographiques : l’ouverture de la boîte de Pandore ?", Communication-Commerce électronique, n° 9, septembre 2023, pp. 1-4
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► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteure) : "La protection des mineurs en ligne se traduit notamment, pour le Gouvernement, par la nécessité de contrôler l’âge des utilisateurs de sites proposant des contenus pornographiques, afin d’épargner les plus jeunes. Toutefois, si l’objectif est louable, les solutions envisagées ne sont pas sans risque et mettent en lumière les limites de la règle légale.".
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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
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July 28, 2023
Interviews
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche & S. Vernet, "La profession investit le Droit de la compliance et détermine sa Raison d’être" ("The profession invests Compliance Law and determines its Raison d'être"), Actualités, Ordre des Géomètres-Experts, July 28, 2023
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💬read the interview (in French)
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► Presentation of the interview by the Ordre des Géomètres-Experts: "Pour mieux répondre aux défis d’une société en pleine mutation, ainsi qu’aux attentes de ses clients et concitoyens, la profession détermine sa Raison d’être. Séverine Vernet, première Vice-présidente de l’Ordre des géomètres-experts et Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, professeur de droit économique et spécialiste du droit de la régulation et de la compliance, nous expliquent cette démarche innovante." ("To better meet the challenges of a rapidly changing society and the expectations of its customers and fellow citizens, the profession is defining its raison d'être. Séverine Vernet, First Vice-President of the Ordre des géomètres-experts, and Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Professor of Economic Law and specialist in Regulatory and Compliance Law, explain this innovative approach.").
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► Questions asked (in French):
- Séverine Vernet, vous êtes la première Vice-présidente de l’OGE et présidente de la nouvelle commission compliance. Permettez-moi tout d’abord de vous féliciter pour votre réélection. Quels seront les prochains chantiers du mandat qui démarre ? Et votre ambition pour ce nouveau mandat ?
- Marie-Anne Frison-Roche (mafr), vous êtes professeur d’université, spécialiste de droit économique et plus particulièrement du droit de la régulation et de la compliance, vous accompagnez l’Ordre dans la mise en place de cette démarche. Séverine Vernet parle de compliance. Pourriez-vous nous en proposer une définition ?
- L’OGE a créé une commission compliance spécifique que vous présidez. Pouvez-vous nous en dire un peu plus ?
- Comment passe-t-on d’un organisme de régulation à un acteur de la compliance ? En quoi est-ce innovant pour un Ordre professionnel ?
- Comment allez-vous vous y prendre pour engager la profession ?
- Quelles seront les étapes pour passer de la régulation à la compliance ?
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June 15, 2023
Conferences
► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "La Compliance au cœur de la mission de l’Ordre des Géomètres-Experts", intervention devant le Conseil Supérieur de l'Ordre des Géomètres-Experts, Paris, 15 juin 2023.
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► Résumé de l'intervention :
PRÉALABLE. NE PAS S’ENFERMER DANS UNE CONCEPTION DÉFENSIVE DES MISSIONS DE L’ORDRE DES GÉOMÈTRES-EXPERTS
●
I.CONCEVOIR LES MISSIONS DES GÉOMÈTRES-EXPERTS COMME DES PROFESSIONNELS MUS PAR UNE RAISON D’ÊTRE RÉPONDANT AUX ENJEUX ÉCONOMIQUES ET SOCIAUX : LA COMPLIANCE COMME PILIER
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II.LA CONVERGENCE DES MISSIONS DES GÉOMÈTRES-EXPERTS ET DE LEUR ORDRE AVEC L’EUROPE DE LA RÉGULATION ET DE LA COMPLIANCE
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May 9, 2023
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : E. Dupic, "La compliance en entreprise : quels enjeux en 2023 ?", Gazette du Palais, n° 15, 9 mai 2023, p. 9-11.
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► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteur) : Les entreprises sont contraintes par un ensemble de normes légales et réglementaires qui les conduisent à déployer un dispositif interne de compliance, adapté à leur business, pour répondre aux exigences des régulateurs français et étrangers : règlement général de protection des données (RGPD), loi dite Sapin II, devoir de vigilance et statut du lanceur d’alerte constituent autant de défis à relever en 2023.
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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
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March 1, 2023
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : J.-Ch. Roda, "Le Digital Markets Act (2e partie). Contraindre les contrôleurs d'accès", Communication - Commerce électronique, n° 3, mars 2023, étude 6
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► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteur) : "Le règlement (UE) 2022/1925 relatif aux marchés contestables et équitables dans le secteur numérique a été adopté le 14 septembre 2022. Mieux connu sous le nom de « Digital Markets Act », ou DMA, c’est un texte très technique, indigeste, de plus d'une soixantaine de pages, et qui doit être complété par des lignes directrices. Il est destiné à « mettre au pas » les grandes plateformes américaines et européennes, en ancrant largement la régulation dans l'ex ante. Incontestablement, il s'agit d'un des dispositifs les plus ambitieux adoptés à l'échelon européen, qui doit permettre d'assurer une meilleur contestabilité sur les marchés numériques, et une plus grande loyauté des comportements. Un texte aussi important appelait un commentaire « grand format ». La première partie de celui-ci, publiée dans le précédent numéro de la revue, s'attachait à cerner l'esprit et l'étendue du contrôle prévu par le DMA. La seconde partie, que nous proposons dans le présent numéro, détaille les obligations auxquelles sont soumis les « gatekeepers », et qui forment le cœur du dispositif.".
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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
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📝consulter une présentation de la première partie de cette étude de Jean-Christophe Roda, "Le Digital Markets Act (1re partie). Contrôler les contrôleurs d’accès"
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Feb. 1, 2023
Compliance: at the moment
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Face à des professions régulées, l'Autorité de la concurrence se comporte en Régulateur", Newsletter MAFR Law, Compliance, Regulation, 1ier février 2023.
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L'Autorité de la concurrence publie le 1ier février 2023 deux consultations publiques jumelées, relatives à la Liberté d'installation des notaires et des commissaires de justice.
Chacun a jusqu'au 22 mars 2023 pour y contribuer.
Ce faisant, l'Autorité se place dans une perspective de régulation car elle articule l'usage de ce pouvoir général de consultation - préalable à un avis à propos de l'installation de nouvelles études, en s'appuyant notamment sur les contributions, avec un pouvoir spécifique et direct que lui a donné la Loi : celui de superviser la carte de ces nouvelles ouvertures.
S'il ne s'agissait d'exercer ce dernier pouvoir que dans la perspective concurrentielle, il ne serait pas pertinent d'articuler cela à un avis et une consultation globale sur la politique générale du maillage territorial par lequel notaires et commissaires de justice exercent leurs activités.
La perspective de régulation, qui embrasse davantage et établit des équilibres à long terme entre la concurrence et d'autres soucis, est affirmée par l'Autorité de concurrence.
Cette perspective adoptée par l'Autorité est légitime, dès l'instant que la loi le lui permet, lui offrant tous les instruments pour le faire, et que les entreprises et/ou les activités dont il s'agit sont elles-mêmes régulées. C'est le cas lorsque les entreprises appartiennent à ce que l'on appelle souvent des "professions réglementées", la réglementation étant l'indice le plus certain de la régulation Ex Ante.
C'est même reconnaître leur nature que de le faire, ne pas les briser en ne leur appliquant que la pure et simple "loi de la concurrence".
Le Législateur permet à l'Autorité de le faire puisque, comme elle le rappelle dans son Communiqué, la loi dite Macron de 2015 lui a donné mission de contrôler le maillage d'ouverture sur le territoire concernant les notaires et ceux qui sont aujourd'hui les commissaires de justice. C'est l'Autorité qui formule les propositions d'ouverture, la carte devant être revue tous les 2 ans.
L'on avait à l'époque beaucoup considéré que la seule perspective était celle de la concurrence, qu'il ne s'agissait que de laisser le mécanisme concurrence entrer dans ces activités, quoi qu'il en résulte et que l'Autorité allait être chargée de cela, alors que le texte présentait déjà une perspective de régulation.
🔴 M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Notariat et Régulation font bon ménage, 2015
L'Autorité accroît cette perspective de régulation, c'est-à-dire de construction et de maintien d'équilibres à long terme, rappelant la pratique qu'elle a eue, qu'elle qualifie de "prudente", intégrant notamment les difficultés de la crise sanitaire et le souci du long terme.
Par le biais des consultations pour former des recommandations adéquates, parce que la consultation est un pouvoir général, celle-ci peut dépasser l'objet plutôt restrictif de la loi qui se soucie de l'équilibre territorial. Qu'on en juge, puisque les contributeurs sont invités à réfléchir dans la perspective suivante: "Outre les thèmes récurrents des consultations publiques (l’évaluation de la procédure de nomination, l’impact des créations d’offices sur les différentes parties prenantes ou la cohésion territoriale des prestations), l’Autorité a identifié plusieurs enjeux importants sur lesquels les acteurs intéressés sont invités à formuler des observations, dont notamment :
- les conséquences de la crise sanitaire sur le volume d’activité et l’organisation des offices ;
- les risques pesant sur l’activité des professionnels du fait de la dégradation de la conjoncture économique (ralentissement de la croissance, hausse de l’inflation, durcissement des conditions d’octroi de crédits immobiliers,…) ;
- l’impact de la réforme de la discipline et de la déontologie des professions du droit ;
- les implications de la fusion des professions d'huissier de justice et de commissaire-priseur judiciaire en une profession unique de commissaire de justice depuis juillet 2022".
Ainsi, plutôt que de ne regarder que l'aspect concurrentiel dans ce qui n'est qu'une recommandation, laissant au Gouvernement le soin d'intégrer le reste dans ses propres décisions, notamment parce qu'il mène par ailleurs ses réformes (fusion des professions, réformes de la discipline et déontologie), l'Autorité intègre l'ensemble dès son intervention.
Le président de l'Autorité, Benoît Cœuré, a d'ailleurs développé cette conception lors du premier colloque des Commissaires de justice le 8 décembre 2022.
L'Autorité a raison de le faire, car on connait le poids de ses "recommandations" dont l'encre est déjà le plus souvent celle des arrêtés ministériels en fin de process.
En ouvrant à chacun la possibilité d'exprimer sa conception sur ce qui doit être un maillage territorial adéquat, et au-delà un déploiement adéquat de ces professions, l'Autorité de la concurrence participe plus directement à la régulation de ces professions, qui sont des entreprises dont la mission spécifique implique à la fois des obligations (la discipline et la déontologie, par exemple), une supervision et des règles plus complexes que la libre rencontre de l'offre et de la demande.
Si une Autorité de concurrence n'est pas légitime à se transformer en Autorité de régulation concernant des activités économiques qui sont ordinaires, car la régulation, notamment en ce qu'elle est ex ante et implique des mécanismes de compliance sur les entreprises concernées, en revanche si les entreprises, ici les officiers publics ou les professions libérales, comme les avocats, les médecins ou les pharmaciens, sont elles-mêmes régulées, l'Autorité de concurrence reconnaît leur nature en s'associant à la supervision exercée par les Autorités publiques (dans le cas présent, par le Ministère de la justice).
En outre et en cela, l'Autorité de concurrence s'articule avec les structures professionnelles que sont les Ordres, à travers la notion de "mission".
🔴 M.-A. Frison-Roche, 🎤La compliance dans l'entreprise notariale : aspects théoriques et pratiques, 2022
🔴 M.-A. Frison-Roche, 🎥La compliance, perspective dynamique pour exprimer la raison d'être des commissaires de justice, 2022
🔴 M.-A. Frison-Roche, 🎥Régulation et Compliance, expression des missions d'un Ordre, 2022
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Feb. 1, 2023
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : J.-Ch. Roda, "Le Digital Markets Act (1re partie). Contrôler les contrôleurs d’accès", Communication - Commerce électronique, n° 2, février 2023, étude 4
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► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteur) : "Le règlement (UE) 2022/1925 relatif aux marchés contestables et équitables dans le secteur numérique a été adopté le 14 septembre 2022. Mieux connu sous le nom de « Digital Markets Act », ou DMA, c’est un texte très technique de plus d’une soixantaine de pages. Il est destiné à « mettre au pas » les grandes plateformes américaines et européennes, en ancrant largement la régulation dans l’ex ante. Incontestablement, il s’agit d’un des dispositifs les plus ambitieux adoptés à l’échelon européen, qui doit permettre d’assurer une meilleure contestabilité sur les marchés numériques, et une plus grande loyauté des comportements. Un texte aussi important appelait un commentaire « grand format ». La première partie de celui-ci figure dans le présent numéro de la revue, et s’attache à cerner l’esprit et l’étendue du contrôle prévu par le DMA. La seconde partie, intitulée « Contraindre les contrôleurs d’accès », sera publiée dans le prochain numéro".
____
🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
____
📝consulter une présentation de la première partie de cette étude de Jean-Christophe Roda, "Le Digital Markets Act (2e partie). Contraindre les contrôleurs d'accès"
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