► Full Reference: Frison-Roche, M.-A., Le droit de la Compliance : un outil stratégique pour une Europe souveraine (Compliance law: a strategic tool for a sovereign Europe), interview with Jean-Philippe Denis, recorded on July 3, 2021 and broadcast on September 17, 2021

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🎥 Watch the interview, as broadcast on Xerfi Canal channels. 

 

🎥Watch the interview enhanced with French subtitles

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►Summary: Compliance Law powerfully and clearly helps to build a sovereign Europe. 
Compliance Law is not the annex of Competition Law; it is another branch of Law, which aims instead to rely on the de facto power of companies, when they are in a position to achieve the "Monumental Goals" that the Political Authorities have decided to achieve, which requires an alliance between them and those companies in a position to achieve these "Monumental Goals".

Companies can do this because they are in a position to do so, in that they are well located to act, have the information, the technology and the adequate financial means.)

Compliance is a construction tool, and not, as it is still sometimes presented, a means to limit the ability of those who are concretely able to build, i.e. the companies. The architect remains and must remain the Politics. But the company remains the master of the means to achieve these goals, and free to duplicate them in its own care, via CSR, "raison d'être" and ethics.

 

📘  read the general presentation of the book in which this article is published

► Full Reference: Coulon, J.-M.,  La façon dont une entreprise fonctionne pour concrétiser le Droit de la Compliance : l'exemple du secteur de la construction ("How a company works to make Compliance Law a reality: the statutes of processes"), in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (ed.), La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, series "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, to be published. 

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► The summary below describes an article following the colloquium L'entreprise instituée Juge et Procureur d'elle-même par le Droit de la Compliance (The Entreprise instituted Judge and Prosecutor of itself by Compliance Law) , co-organized by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and the Faculté de Droit Lyon 3. This manifestation was designed under the scientific direction of Marie-Anne Frison-Roche and Jean-Christophe Roda and took place in Lyon on June 23, 2021. During this colloquium, the intervention was shared with Christophe Lapp, who is also a contributor in the book (see the summary of the Jean-Marc Coulon's Article).

In the book, the article will be published in Title I, devoted to:  L'entreprise instituée Juge et Procureur d'elle-même par le Droit de la Compliance (The Entreprise instituted Judge and Prosecutor of itself by Compliance Law ).

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► Article Summary (done by the author) : The construction industry is not a regulated sector. Its market is made up of a superposition of territorial strata which are all relevant markets, to which corresponds a specific microcosm of companies. Finally, the temporary association between companies for the purposes of carrying out a project or a work is consubstantial with this sector.

The penetration of Compliance in this sector is inevitably very heterogeneous and results from both exogenous factors (other partners within temporary associations, influence of economic operators from other sectors of activity, capital providers and lenders, incitations from professional organizations ) the endogenous (submission to a Financial Regulatory Authority because the company is listed ; application of the laws on duty of vigilance, and French Law called "Sapin 2"). For example, subject to all these factors combined, the Bouygues group is particularly sensitive to compliance.

Not only internal "legislator", the Bouygues group finds itself in turn "prosecutor and judge" both of itself and of others. Indeed, leading an investigation, filing a complaint, triggering an ethics alert, making use of the leniency program, this group is, however, no other than a sort of assistant for the Prosecutor. In addition, scrutinizing its stakeholders, sanctioning its employees, resorting to a Convention Judiciaire d'intérêt public (judicial agreement in the public interest) or negotiating its sanction within the framework of a procedure instituted by a multilateral bank, it fulfills the function of a judge. Legislator, prosecutor, judge, the Bouygues group is faced with a paradox, in a way encouraged to exercise “sovereignty”, yet it does not benefit from the attributes attached to it or from the unwavering support of the competent Public Authorities.

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📝 go to the general presentation to the book in which this article is published.

 

 

 

Full Reference: Frison-Roche, M.-A., Compliance Law, an adequate legal framework for GAIA-X, in "The World with GAIA-X", Pan-European GAIA - X Summit November 2020, 18 November 2020.

 

See the general presentation of the Summit.

 

Summary  of the intervention  in the Round-Table with professors Jacques Crémer and Achim Wambach:

Europe may offer an adequate legal framework for the GAIA-X project through Compliance Law. Compliance Law is a new forme a Regulatory Law, driven by "Monumental Goals", negative Monumental Goals, for instance prevention of systemic failures, and positive Monumental Goals, for instance innovation or stability. This very new branch of Law works on these Monumental Goals, which must be explicit and internalized in Crucial Enterprises. These Crucial Enterprises concretize these Goals, supervised by public Authorities. 

European Compliance Law already works, for instance about Personal Data protection (case law and GDPR) or prevention banking systemic failures (Banking Union), Compliance Tools being in balance with Competition principle. European Union Law is moving from the Ex Post Competition Law to the Ex Ante Compliance Law, internalizing Monumental Goals in Crucial Enterprises. 

There is a perfect adequacy between European Compliance Law and GAIA-X. This project built by Crucial Enterprises must be supervised by public authority, maybe a specific or the European Commission. The governance of GAIA-X must be transparent and accountable. This private organization must use it powers in respect of the proportionality principle, controlled by the public supervisory body. The legal framework is required but it is sufficient. 

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See the slides, basis of this intervention.

 

See the video of this intervention. 

Référence complète : Gauvain, R., Rétablir la souveraineté de la France et de l'Europe et protéger nos entreprises des lois et mesures à portée extraterritoriale, Rapport à la demande du Premier Ministre Monsieur Edouard Philippe, Assemblée nationale, juin 2019, 102 p.

 

Lire le Rapport.

Référence complète : Jensen, S., Norvège : exemple d'un fonds souverain éthique, in Politique internationale, dossier spécial, Investissement responsable : l'essor, n°162, hiver 2018-2019, pp. 105-112.

This working paper initially served as a basis for a synthesis report made in French in the colloquium organized by the Association Henri Capitant in the International German Days on the subject of "Le Droit et la Mondialisation" (Law and Globalization).

It serves as a second basis for the article (written in English, with a Spanish Summary) to be published in the Brezilian journal Rarb - Revista de Arbitragem e Mediação  (Revue d`Arbitrage et Médiation).

In it French version, it serves as a basis for the article, written in French, to be published in the book La Mondialisation.

In this working paper, notes are included, including developments, references and links to work and reflections on the theme of globalization.
It uses the Bilingual Dictionary of the Law of Regulation and Compliance.

To access the French version of the working paper, click on the French flag.

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Globalization is a confusing phenomenon for the jurist. The first thing to do is to take its measure. Once it has been taken, it is essential that we allow ourselves to think of something about it, even if we have to think about it. For example, on whether the phenomenon is new or not, which allows a second assessment of what is taking place. If, in so far as the law can and must "pretend" to defend every being, a universal claim destined to face the global field of forces, the following question - but secondary - is formulated: quid facere? Nothing ? Next to nothing ? Or regulate? Or can we still claim that the Law fulfills its primary duty, which is to protect the weak, including the forces of globalization?

Let us begin the peripheries of Law in globalization.

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Globalization is a confusing phenomenon for everyone. It is no doubt even more so for the jurist for whom words are normative acts and which stumbles on the definition of globalization!footnote-927.

Perhaps this is why lawyers are as impressed by the argument of globalization, which is often cited to argue that the time of imperative legislations is over, or that Roman law may well turn into its grave, Globalization would pass over the corpse of the Civil Code. The more mysterious the notion is, the more names it has, the more it sets back the jurist of good tradition, global trade being as upgraded when it is designated as "globalization", the zest of English leading to the globalization that parses Of reports, even written in French or Spanish or Italian. . The global language being English, the Globalization is English also.

If we take up the movement of this wave, it is appropriate first of all to take stock of what is globalization (I). It is only relevant that the usefulness, if not necessity, is posed to think about this movement of globalization. There is a legal imperative to formulate an assessment if it is posited that the Law has the mission of protecting every human being, a concern that is supported by the Law. Then, because Law is also a technique, we can ask ourselves the question of Quid facere? But in practice it can not be said that under the pretext that the field of the world forces is very powerful and that the Law appears to be very weak in its claims to protect every human being in its dignity, it would for this reason disappear from the World stage (II).

On the contrary. It is at the foot of the wall of Globalization that today we can measure the claim of Law to defend humanity.

Le droit prétend être un système autonome, produisant sa propre réalité, incontestable. Acte de langage, il est performatif, en cela souverain. La mondialisation le permet-elle encore ? Pourtant, le droit étant aussi une pratique sociale, soit il prend son objet comme limite (il ne peut dire qu’il fait jour la nuit), soit il prend son objet comme maître : le droit nazi établit la « loi du sang ». Aujourd’hui, l’économie est-elle la loi du droit ?

En outre, le droit n’est-il pas positif qu’une fois appliqué ? Dès lors, le droit recherche l’adhésion, par un discours qui séduit et balance les intérêts. Mais dans le même temps, le droit veut de plus en plus refléter la réalité. Sa première évolution l’éloigne de la vérité pour aller vers le consensus, la seconde prétend la rapprocher. Par exemple, qui décide de la filiation ? On en vient à douter que le Politique ou la morale aient encore une place dans le système juridique.

Avoir une première vue du programme.

Lire le programme général du colloque, Sous-détermination, incomplétude, incommensurabilité : la pensée des limites

Lire le Working Paper établissant les grandes lignes servant de base à la discussion

Prendre le thème de "l'effectivité de la régulation bancaire" est presque un pléonasme, dans la mesure où la régulation se définit comme un corps de principes, de règles et de décision formant un appareillage prenant son sens dans le but qu'il a pour fonction de concrétiser. Ainsi la régulation est entièrement dans son "effectivité".

Cela déplace d'autant la question, qui devient non pas en premier lieu la mesure de l'effectivité mais la détermination du but au regard duquel cette effectivité se mesure. Or, la régulation bancaire peut avoir plusieurs buts, la multiplicité des buts diminuant son effectivité, tandis que la contradiction entre les buts l'anéantit. Dans la nouvelle architecture européenne, le but a le mérite d'être clair, qualité majeure du système par rapport au modèle nord-américain : il s'agit d'assurer la solidité du système bancaire.

L'unicité et la clarté du but est déjà un gage d'effectivité. Mais c'est la prochaine crise qui montrera donc l'effectivité de la régulation, la prochaine crise évitée (mais alors comment la connaître ?) ou la prochaine crise qui se déroulera, puis sera maîtrisée, c'est-à-dire le bon déclenchement du mécanisme de résolution bancaire, là où réside la véritable innovation.

S'il y a "nouvelle donne", c'est dans le fait même que la régulation bancaire est désormais "européenne". Cela est tout autant étonnant que la matière touche aux souverainetés. C'est en cela que paradoxalement le "citoyen européen" qui continue de ne pas exister, faute d'Europe politique, pourrait exister à travers une régulation bancaire européenne, puisque celle-ci manie la "monnaie souveraine".

La personnalité est certes abstraitement l’aptitude à être titulaire de droits et d’obligations, mais elle est aussi intime de l’être humain. Un système juridique de plus en plus soucieux de la vie, des corps et des être humains, concrétise la notion juridique de personne. Entre en balance la naturalité et l’artificialité de cette notion complexe de personne, à travers notamment le droit du corps humain, par exemple par la question de la maternité de substitution ou celle de l’identité sexuelle. Les personnes concrètes, analysées juridiquement en situation se voient reconnaitre des droits fondamentaux qui s’étendent et se multiplient et dont le cœur du système est « le droit au droit ». Mais les droits fondamentaux changent aussi de nature, en ce qu’ils se reconceptualisent à travers la catégorie des droits de l’homme altruistes.

La première partie de la question des "espaces du droit" sera consacrée à leur perception à travers la géographie. Au-delà de l’espace français, sont examinés l’espace européen et l’espace mondial. L’espace virtuel semble une aporie en ce qu’il est un espace sans géographie pour le droit.