Chronicles MAFR - Compliance Law [9]

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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "La loi, la compliance, le contrat et le juge : places et alliances" ("Regulations, Compliance, Contracts, and Judges: places and alliances"), Chronique of Compliance Law, D. 2023, p. 906-908.

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📝read the article (in French)

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► English summary of this article: Compliance Law brings together the forces of regulations, contracts, and judges' decisions to achieve monumental goals so that in the future human beings will not be crushed by systems but will instead benefit from them. In this teleological and systemic branch of Law, legislators, regulators, companies, stakeholders, and judges must find their place. This can lead to bonds of obedience, a vision of 'conformity'. But conformity is only a tool of compliance, whose vigilance is the advanced point of this new branch of Law in which the alliance makes it possible to find solutions, the contract being then a usual mode of elaborating means under the control of the judge.

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🚧read the bilingual Working Paper which is the basis of this article, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks

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📚read the other articles published in this chronique of Compliance Law published in the Recueil Dalloz

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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Contrat de compliance, clauses de compliance", Chronique of Compliance Law, D.2022, p.2115-2117.

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📝reac the article (this article is written in French)

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► English summary of the article: Compliance Law is often seen only as an obligation to comply with regulations. Contract Law is masked by the study of texts and sanctions. Civil liability cases are beginning to highlight the commitments of companies, acts of will. It remains to discern the importance of contracts.

First, there is a specific contract: the "compliance contract". Its purpose is to provide a third party with a service, the means for the company to "comply" with the legal systems requirements ("contract of conformity"), and/or to enable the company to achieve the monumental goals that characterize Compliance Law (contract of compliance). The interpretation and the regime of these compliance contracts must be marked by the Compliance Law that permeates it. Secondly, there are a multitude of stipulations aimed at conformity and Compliance.

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🚧read the working paper written in English: Compliance contract, Compliance stipulations

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📚read the other articles published in this chronique of Compliance Law published in the Recueil Dalloz.

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► Full Reference: FM.-A. Frison-Roche, La responsabilité ex ante, pilier du droit de la compliance ("Ex-Ante Responsibility, Compliance Law Pillar"), D.2022, chronique MAFR - Droit de la Compliance, Recueil Dalloz, March 31, 2022.

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► Article English Summary: The Law must help to face the future, which can be totally catastrophic in terms of climate and digital issues. Courts are s best placed for this, without “governing”, only relying on the commitments made by companies, governments, and legislators.  On the ordinary Tort Law, court decisions oblige these different entities to be consistent in the commitments they have made, obliging them to act in the future, formal “compliance” with the regulations cannot be sufficient. This ex-ante responsibility, founding the powers, thus constitutes a pillar of a substantial Compliance Law, showing the part that CSR and the companies with a raison d'être play in it.

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📝 read the article. (written in French)

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📚go to the presentation of the other articles published in this Chronique Droit de la Compliance made in the Recueil Dalloz. 

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Full Reference: Frison-Roche, M.-A., L'aventure du Droit de la Compliance ("The Adventure of Compliance Law"), Chronique de Droit de la Compliance ("Chronicles MAFR - Compliance Law"), Recueil Dalloz, September 24, 2020.

Read the Chronicle (in French)

This Chronicle of Compliance Law is based on a bilingual working document with additional developments, technical references and hypertext links.

Read the Working Paper (written in English).

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Chronicle Summary:

Compliance Law is an "adventure" in that it is a new branch of Law, anchored in Regulatory Law, which has freed itself from it while retaining the major principles to which it gives a new breath.

In the same way that I entered Sciences Po in 2000 to create a Master de Droit économique centered around Regulation Law, this new branch of Law, a Forum de la Régulation and a Chaire Régulation, now "20 ans après" and as in any adventure, the objective is to give solid, coherent and substantial bases to this Compliance Law which is practiced intensely without being fully conceived.

Compliance should not be reduced to a procedure of effectiveness and efficiency of other rules, such as Competition Law or Criminal Law, a sort of enforcement process going from the Ex Post to the Ex Ante, because that would be both too little (simply processes) and too much (the power of Compliance Law in the service of all rules, the violence of Compliance being able to serve in very violent Substantial Law itself, which one can observe in some legal systems).

It is necessary to anchor all this new branch of Law in goals, this Law being teleological in nature as is the Law of Regulation. These goals are "monumental", by which the public authorities express still, and more now than in the past, "pretensions", such as the protection of the environment or of people even if they are distant from the territory on which they have traditionally taken.

All these "monumental goals" converge towards a goal that encompasses them all: the protection of the person, which justifies the unusual power of legal Compliance mechanisms and the new relationship between States and "crucial operators". In this, Europe is exemplary of what could be this new branch of Law of which it bears the model.

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Référence complète : Frison-Roche, M.-A., L'aventure de la Compliance, in Chroniques Droit de la Compliance, Recueil Dalloz, 24 septembre 2020. 

Consulter le document de travail sur lequel cet article s'appuie. 

Complète Reference : Frison-Roche, M.-A., Théorie juridique de la cartographie des risques, centre du Droit de la Compliance (Legal Theory of Risk Mapping, center of Compliance Law), D.2019, chronique Compliance, p. 

Summary : The act of mapping risks is not currently defined by Law. It is only described in special laws. While risks mapping is central to preventing in Ex Ante the occurrence of crises or behaviors from which the occurrence is excluded, no legal regime is available, due to the lack of a legal definition available. This legal definition is proposed here in 5 stages, starting from special laws and specific cases to go towards a general conception. Risk mapping then appears as a concern for others taken care of willingly or by force by crucial operators, through a new subjective right: the “right to be alarmed”, the map being the structural counterpart of the character of the whistleblower. Two articulated systems of Compliance Law.

Read the article, published in French.

Read its translation in English. 

Read the English Working Paper  on which this article is based, working paper with additional developpments, technical references and hypertext links. 

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Complete reference : Frison-Roche, M.-A., Legal Theory of Risk Mapping, center of Compliance Law, 2019. 

This is an English translation of an article published in French, Théorie juridique de la cartographie des risques, centre du Droit de la Compliance, Recueil Dalloz, 2019, p.

This article written in English is based on a working paper, written also in English, with additional developments, technical references and hypertext links. It is accessible  here.

Summary. The act of mapping risks is not currently defined by Law. It is only described in special laws. While risks mapping is central to preventing in Ex Ante the occurrence of crises or behaviors from which the occurrence is excluded, no legal regime is available, due to the lack of a legal definition available. This legal definition is proposed here in 5 stages, starting from special laws and specific cases to go towards a general conception. Risk mapping then appears as a concern for others taken care of willingly or by force by crucial operators, through a new subjective right: the “right to be alarmed”, the map being the structural counterpart of the character of the whistleblower. Two articulated systems of Compliance Law.

Read below the article written in English below. 

► Full Reference : Frison-Roche, M.-A., Compliance et personnalité, in Recueil Dalloz, n°11/7812, avril 2019, pp. 604-606

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► Chronique English Summary: Compliance is often presented as a set of mechanical procedures, in which human beings are absent. It's the opposite.

It is an Information Law, in its function of preventing systemic risks and a markets protection Law, which poses the requirement of knowing “truly” the person who is “relevant”, generalizing what Company or Competition Law had partially admitted.

Even more, beyond systems, Compliance Law, insofar as it is a Protection Law, aims to protect human beings, directly or indirectly concerned, establishing them as legal persons, true final subjects of law of this new branch of Law.

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📝read the chronique (in French).

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🚧  read the bilingual Working paper, Compliance and Personality, basis of this chronique,    working paper including footnotes, technical references and hyperlink

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📖 read the other chroniques Chronique MAFR Droit de la Compliance

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Full reference : Frison-Roche, M.-A., Le Droit de la Compliance au-delà du Droit de la Régulation, Recueil Dalloz, 2018, chronique, pp. 1561-1563.

Summary : A movement started from precise legal requirements linked to identified actors, as the financial or banking sector, to transform itself in legal norms of Compliance. Compliance Law is thus the extension of Regulation Law. But Compliance Law is taking its full autonomy with regards with Regulation Law, while retaining its violence, its radicalisé, and even its archaism, even though it concerns companies which do not act on regulated sectors, putting down, for instance, notions linked to territoriality (I). How companies should react face to this unequaled news (II)? 

Read the article (in French)

Read the table of contents of the Review (in French).

This document is based on a working paper with footnotes, technical references and hypertext links.