Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: Marty, F., The Case for Compliance Programs in International Competitiveness: A Competition Law and Economics Perspective, in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (ed.),Compliance Monumental Goals, series "Compliance & Regulation", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant, to be published.
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► Article Summaryésumé de l'article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): The author analyzes economically the question of whether the compliance programs set up to respect competition rules are for the sole purpose of avoiding sanctions or also contribute to the goal of increasing the international economic performance of companies. which submit to them.
The author explains that companies integrate by duplication external standards to minimize the risk of sanctions, developing a "culture of compliance", which produces their competitiveness increase and the effectiveness of the legal and economic system. In addition, it reduces the cost of investment, which increases the attractiveness of the company.
In this, this presentation based on the postulate of the rationality of companies and investors, compliance programs can fall under self-regulation. The duplication of the law that they operate takes place largely according to "procedural" type methods.
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📝 go to the general presentation of the book 📘Compliance Monumental Goals, in which this article is published
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Thesaurus : Soft Law
Référence complète : Gauvain, R. et Marleix, O., Rapport d'information sur l'évaluation de l'impact de la loi n° 2016-1691 du 9 décembre 2016 relative à la transparence, à la lutte contre la corruption et à la modernisation de la vie économique, 2021.
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Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : J.-S. Borghetti, "Le rapport entre le Droit de la responsabilité civile et l'Obligation de Compliance", in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), L'obligation de Compliance, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Dalloz, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", 2024
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📕lire une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, L'obligation de Compliance, dans lequel cet article est publié
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Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence Complète : Europe Economics, Etat des lieux et perspectives des programmes de conformité, Etude réalisée pour le Conseil de la Concurrence, 2008.
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: O. Douvreleur, "Compliance and Judge ruling only on points of Law", in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, series "Compliance & Regulation", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant, to be published.
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► Article Summary (done by the Journal of Regulation): Compliance maintains with the judge complex relations, and even more with the judge ruling only on points of Law (in France, the Court de Cassation in the judicial order, the one who, in principle, does not know the facts that he leaves to the sovereign appreciation of the judges ruling on the substance of the disputes. At first glance, compliance is a technique internalised in companies and the place occupied by negotiated justice techniques leave little room for intervention by the judge ruling only on points of Law
However, his role is intended to develop, in particular with regard to the duty of vigilance or in the articulation between the different branches of Law when compliance meets Labor Law, or even in the adjustment between American Law and the other legal systems, especially French legal system. The way in which the principle of Proportionality will take place in Compliance Law is also a major issue for the judge ruling only on points of Law.
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Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : P.-Y. Gautier, « Contre le droit illimité à la preuve devant les autorités administratives indépendantes », Mélanges en l'honneur du Professeur Claude Lucas de Leyssac, LexisNexis, 2018, p.181-193.
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📘 Lire une présentation générale de l'ouvrage dans lequel l'article est publié
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: Pottier, S., For European compliance, a vector of economic and political affirmation, in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (ed.),Compliance Monumental Goals, series "Compliance & Regulation", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant, to be published.
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► Article Summary (donne by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): Today's monumental goals, particularly environmental and climatic ones, are of a financial magnitude that we had not imagined but the essential stake is rather in the way of using these funds, that is to determine the rules which, to be effective and fair, should be global. The challenge is therefore to design these rules and organize the necessary alliance between States and companies.
It is no longer disputed today that the concern for these monumental goals and the concern for profitability of investments go hand in hand, the most conservative financiers admitting, moreover, that concern for others and for the future must be taken into account, the ESG rating and the "green bonds" expressing it.
Companies are increasingly made more responsible, in particular by the reputational pressure exerted by the request made to actively participate in the achievement of these goals, this insertion in the very heart of the management of the company showing the link between compliance and the trust of which companies need, CSR also being based on this relationship, the whole placing the company upstream, to prevent criticism, even if they are unjustified. All governance is therefore impacted by compliance requirements, in particular transparency.
Despite the global nature of the topic and the techniques, Europe has a great specificity, where its sovereignty is at stake and which Europe must defend and develop, as a tool for risk management and the development of its industry. Less mechanical than the tick the box, Europe makes the spirit of Compliance prevail, where the competitiveness of companies is deployed in a link with States to achieve substantial goals. For this, it is imperative to strengthen the European conception of compliance standards and to use the model. The European model of compliance arouses a lot of interest. The duty of vigilance is a very good example. It is of primary interest to explain it, develop it and promote it beyond Europe.
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📝 see the general presentation of the book 📘Compliance Monumental Goals in which this article is published
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Thesaurus : Soft Law
► Référence complète : Agence française anticorruption (AFA), Guide du contrôle comptable anticorruption, 2022.
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📧 Lire le commentaire fait par Marie-Anne Frison-Roche de ce guide.
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Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: B. Sillaman, "Taking the Compliance U.S. Procedural Experience globally", in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant, coll. "Compliance & Regulation", to be published.
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📘read a general presentation of the book, Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): The French legal system is evolving, organizing interaction between lawyers with regulators and prosecutors, specially in investigations about corruption or corporate misconduct, adopting U.S. negotiated resolutions such as the Convention judiciaire d'intérêt public, which encourages "collaboration" between them.
The author describes the evolution of the U.S. DOJ doctrine and askes French to be inspired by the U.S. procedural experience, U.S. where this mechanism came from. Indeed, the DOJ released memoranda about what the "collaboration" means. At the end (2006 Memorandum), the DOJ has considered that the legal privilege must remain intact when the information is not only factual in order to maintain trust between prosecutors, regulators and lawyers.
French authorities do not follow this way. The author regrets it and thinks they should adopt the same reasoning as the American authority on the secret professionnel of the avocat, especially when he intervenes in the company internal investigation.
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🦉This article is available in full text to those registered for Professor Marie-Anne Frison-Roche's courses
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Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : Branellec, G. et Cadet, I., "Le devoir de vigilance des entreprises françaises : la création d’un système juridique en boucle qui dépasse l’opposition hard law et soft law", Open Edition, 2017.
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Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : J.-B. Racine, "Obligation de Compliance et droits humains", in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), L'obligation de Compliance, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Dalloz, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", 2024
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📕lire une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, L'obligation de Compliance, dans lequel cet article est publié
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Thesaurus : Soft Law
Référence complète : Response to the Study on Directors’ Duties and Sustainable Corporate Governance by Nordic Company Law Scholars, octobre 2020.
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : L. d'Avout, "Compliance et conflits de lois", in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), L'obligation de Compliance, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Dalloz, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", 2024
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📕lire une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, L'obligation de Compliance, dans lequel cet article est publié
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Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: Deffains, B., Compliance and International Competitiveness, in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (ed.), Compliance Monumental Goals, series "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant, to be published.
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► Article Summary: Compliance, which can be defined first and foremost as obedience to the law, is an issue for the company in that it can choose as a strategy to do or not to do it, depending on what such a choice costs or brings in. This same choice of understanding is offered to the author of the norm, the legislator or the judge, or even the entire legal system, in that it makes regulation more or less costly, and compliance with it, for companies. Thus, when the so-called “Vigilance” law was adopted in 2017, the French Parliament was criticized for dealing a blow to the “international competitiveness” of French companies. Today, it is on its model that the European Parliament is asking the European Commission to design what could be a European Directive. The extraterritoriality attached to the Compliance Law, often presented as an economic aggression, is however a consubstantial effect, to its will to claim to protect beyond the borders. This brings us back to a classic question in Economics: what is the price of virtue?
In order to fuel a debate that began several centuries ago, it is first of all on the side of the stakes that the analysis must be carried out. Indeed, the Law of Compliance, which is not only situated in Ex Ante, to prevent, detect, remedy, reorganize the future, but also claims to face more “monumental” difficulties than the classical Law. And it is specifically by examining the new instruments that the Law has put in place and offered or imposed on companies that the question of international competitiveness must be examined. The mechanisms of information, secrecy, accountability or responsibility, which have a great effect on the international competitiveness of companies and systems, are being changed and the measure of this is not yet taken.
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Thesaurus : 07. Cours d'appel
Référence : Grenoble, 5 nov. 2020, I.D. c/ Société Corin France
Thesaurus : Doctrine
►Référence complète : Galli, M., Une justice pénale propre aux personnes morales : Réflexions sur la convention judiciaire d'intérêt public , Revue de Sciences Criminelle, 2018, pp. 359-385.
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Thesaurus : Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de résolution (A.C.P.R.)
Référence complète : Autorité de contrôle prudentiel et de résolution (ACPR), commission des sanctions, décision du 29 avril 2021, Cardif Assurance-Vie
Thesaurus
Référence complète : Grandjean, J.P., rapporteur, Rapport sur l'avocat chargé d'une enquête interne, Conseil de l'Ordre des Avocats, Paris, 8 mars 2016.
Thesaurus : Textes
►Référence complète : Picod, F., « La lutte contre la fraude, exigence impérieuse d’intérêt général » in Berlin, D. et al. (dir.), La fraude et le droit de l'Union européenne, 1e édition, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2017, p. 55-70.
June 12, 2024
Editorial responsibilities : Direction of the collection "Regulations & Compliance", JoRC & Dalloz
► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), L'obligation de compliance, coll."Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, to be published.
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📘 At the same time, a book in English, Compliance Obligation, is published in the collection copublished by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and the Éditions Bruylant.
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🧮the book follows the cycle of colloquia 2023 organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and its Universities partners.
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📚this volume is one of a series of books devoted to Compliance in this collection.
► read the presentations of the other books:
- further books:
🕴️M.A. Frison-Roche (dir.), 📕Le système probatoire de la compliance, 2025
- previous books:
🕴️M.A. Frison-Roche & M. Boissavy (ed.), 📕Compliance & droits de la défense. Enquête interne - CJIP - CRPC, 2023
🕴️M.A. Frison-Roche (dir.), 📕La juridictionnalisation de compliance, 2023
🕴️M.A. Frison-Roche (dir.), 📕Les buts monumentaux de la Compliance, 2022
🕴️M.A. Frison-Roche (dir.), 📕Les outils de la Compliance, 2021
🕴️M.A. Frison-Roche (dir.), 📕Pour une Europe de la Compliance, 2019
🕴️N. Borga, 🕴️J.-Cl. Marin et 🕴️J-.Ch. Roda (dir.), 📕Compliance : Entreprise, Régulateur, Juge, 2018
🕴️M.A. Frison-Roche (dir.), 📕Régulation, Supervision, Compliance, 2017
🕴️M.A. Frison-Roche (dir.), 📕Internet, espace d'interrégulation, 2016
📚see the global presentation of all the books of the collection.
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► general presentation of the book: Compliance is sometimes presented as something that cannot be avoided, which is tantamount to seeing it as the legal obligation par excellence, Criminal Law being its most appropriate mode of expression. However, this is not so evident. Moreover, it is becoming difficult to find a unity to the set of compliance tools, encompassing what refers to a moral representation of the world, or even to the cultures specific to each company, Compliance Law only having to produce incentives or translate this ethical movement. The obligation of compliance is therefore difficult to define.
This difficulty to define affecting the obligation of compliance reflects the uncertainty that still affects Compliance Law in which this obligation develops. Indeed, if we were to limit this branch of law to the obligation to "be conform" with the applicable regulations, the obligation would then be located more in these "regulations", the classical branches of Law which are Contract Law and Tort Law organising "Obligations" paradoxically remaining distant from it. In practice, however, it is on the one hand Liability actions that give life to legal requirements, while companies make themselves responsible through commitments, often unilateral, while contracts multiply, the articulation between legal requirements and corporate and contractual organisations ultimately creating a new way of "governing" not only companies but also what is external to them, so that the Monumental Goals, that Compliance Law substantially aims at, are achieved.
The various Compliance Tools illustrate this spectrum of the Compliance Obligation which varies in its intensity and takes many forms, either as an extension of the classic legal instruments, as in the field of information, or in a more novel way through specific instruments, such as whistleblowing or vigilance. The contract, in that it is by nature an Ex-Ante instrument and not very constrained by borders, can then appear as a natural instrument in the compliance system, as is the Judge who is the guarantor of the proper execution of Contract and Tort laws. The relationship between companies, stakeholders and political authorities is thus renewed.
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🏗️general construction of the book
The book opens with a double Introduction. The first, which is freely accessible, is a summary of the book, while the second, which is substantial, deals with the future development of the compliance obligation in a borderless economic system.
The first part is devoted to the definition of the Compliance Obligation.
The second part presents commitments and contracts, in certain new or classic categories, in particular public contracts, and compliance stipulations, analysed and qualified regarding Compliance Law and the various relevant branches of Law.
The third part develops the responsibilities attached to the compliance obligation.
The fourth part refers to the institutions that are responsible for the effectiveness, efficiency, and efficacy of the compliance obligation, including the judge and the international arbitrator.
The fifth part takes the Obligation or Duty of Vigilance as an illustration of all these considerations.
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Feb. 8, 2024
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : M. Boissavy, "Compliance et droits de la défense : toujours pour le respect des droits humains", in M.-A. Frison-Roche et M. Boissavy (dir.), Compliance et droits de la défense. Enquête interne – CJIP – CRPC, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Dalloz, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", à paraître.
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📕consulter une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, Compliance et droits de la défense - Enquête interne, CIIP, CRPC, dans lequel cet article est publié
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► Résumé de l'article (fait par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance - JoRC) : L'auteur décrit tout d'abord la Compliance par laquelle l'entreprise voit sa liberté entravée afin que sa puissance serve les buts fixés par les autorités publiques et prévienne la réalisation des risques. Ces "buts monumentaux" sont fixées par les pouvoirs publics pour, soit empêcher la réalisation de risques systémiques, soit réaliser des objectifs bénéfiques pour la société, les êtres humains et l’environnement. Pour ce faire, les entreprises devront enquêter sur elles-mêmes et se dénoncer, cette autodénonciation diminuant les sanctions pénales encourues en raison des infractions qu'elles ont eux-mêmes mis à jour. Ces outils de surveillance facilitent le mécanisme de convention judiciaire d'intérêt public (CJIP). Ils fonctionnent "pour le meilleur" si ces buts monumentaux précités sont ainsi atteints. Ils fonctionnent "pour le pire", si cela est au prix du sacrifice des droits de la défense.
Dans un deuxième temps, il est rappelé l'importance des droits de la défense, leur ancrage dans l'histoire, voire dans le droit naturel, leur position tout en haut de la hiérarchie des normes et, selon l'auteur, l'intégration du principe du contradictoire en leur sein, ainsi que le fait qu'ils s'appliquent y compris en dehors des procès, comme l'a imposé la jurisprudence en matière de licenciement.
C'est pour cela que dans un troisième temps, la contribution affirme que les droits de la défense doivent s'appliquer toujours dans tous les mécanismes de compliance, quand bien même il ne s'agit pas d'un procès, ni d'une sanction au sens strict du terme, notamment dans les enquêtes internes, ces procédures sans procès qui sont avant tout des mécanismes probatoires pour la suite, le plus souvent juridictionnelle. En outre, l'auteur exprime ses interrogations sur l'effectivité des consentements exprimés à l'occasion de la CJIP et de la CRPC.
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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
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Feb. 1, 2024
Teachings
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♾️subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law
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► Full Reference: F. Ancel and M.-A. Frison-Roche, Droit de la compliance (Compliance Law), École nationale de la magistrature - ENM (French National School for the Judiciary), 1 and 2 February 2024, Paris.
This teaching is given in French.
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► Presentation of the Teaching: The two-day session is designed for magistrates and practicing lawyers who are not necessarily specialized, to enable them, based on concrete cases, to understand the issues, objectives, and methods of compliance mechanisms in companies, including the increasing judicialization and the supranational dimension strengthen, modifying the office of the judge and the role of lawyers.
The analysis is made from the angle of Civil Law (contract, tort), Company Law, Labor Law and Criminal Law, but also governance, financial markets, regulatory, climate and digital issues.
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► Organisation of the Teaching: this teaching is open to all judicial members and lawyers. Enrollments are made at the French National School for the Judiciary.
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read below the programme put together and organised by François Ancel and Marie-Anne Frison-Roche⤵️
Jan. 17, 2024
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : M. Durand-Poincloux, D. Apelbaum et P. Sardi-Antasan, "Regards critiques sur le guide AFA/PNF au regard de la place des droits de la défense dans l’enquête interne", in M.-A. Frison-Roche et M. Boissavy (dir.), Compliance et droits de la défense. Enquête interne – CJIP – CRPC, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Dalloz, coll. "Régulations & Compliance" à paraître.
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📕consulter une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, Compliance et droits de la défense - Enquête interne, CIIP, CRPC, dans lequel cet article est publié
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► Résumé de l'article (fait par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance - JoRC) : Les auteurs présentent le guide publié en 2023 par l'Agence française anticorruption (AFA) et le Parquet national financier (PNF), Les enquêtes internes anticorruption. Guide pratique, en ce qu'ils estiment que les droits de la défense n'y ont pas la place qui devrait être celle impliquée par les principes généraux. Ils estiment que les garanties procédurales sont insuffisantes pour la personne poursuivie.
Plus encore, parce que l'avocat n'y aurait pas les moyens dont il serait légitime qu'il dispose, ce sont les droits de l'entreprise qui procède à l'enquête interne qui sont de ce fait méconnus. Les auteurs en concluent que ce guide opère ainsi une sorte de "retour en arrière" par rapport aux principes qui gouvernent la répression, notamment en ce que le rapport qui résulte de l'enquête n'est protégé par aucun secret.
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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
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Jan. 17, 2024
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : B. Fiorini, "Approche doctrinale de l’enquête interne et de l’enquête pénale privée", in M.-A. Frison-Roche et M. Boissavy (dir.), Compliance et droits de la défense. Enquête interne – CJIP – CRPC, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Dalloz, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", à paraître.
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📕consulter une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, Compliance et droits de la défense. Enquête interne – CJIP – CRPC, dans lequel cet article est publié
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► Résumé de l'article (fait par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance - JoRC) : L'auteur expose les deux cultures profondément distinctes, voire opposées, entre les systèmes procéduraux répressifs inquisitoires et accusatoires. Les premiers donnent confiance et pouvoir aux officiers publics pour trouver la vérité, les seconds donnent confiance et pouvoir aux parties qui s'opposent dans le litige. Les enquêtes menées à titre privée se développent naturellement dans le second système et pas dans le premier.
Ce second système de pensée est ancré aux Etats-Unis, qui accueille donc naturellement les enquêtes internes menées par les entreprises et y associent les principes procéduraux comme les droits de la défense, le contradictoire et le droit à un avocat. Le premier système, caractéristique des systèmes de Droit continental, est rétif à l'idée même d'enquête pénale privée. C'est pourquoi lorsque le mécanisme d'enquête interne se développe dans l'entreprise, les mécanismes procéduraux précitée y sont moins naturellement associés.
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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
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