Thesaurus : 07. Cours d'appel
Référence : Grenoble, 5 nov. 2020, I.D. c/ Société Corin France
Dec. 1, 2020
Newsletter MAFR - Law, Compliance, Regulation
Full reference: Frison-Roche, M.-A., New SEC Report to Congress about Whistleblower Program: what is common between American and European conception, Newsletter MAFR - Law, Compliance, Regulation, 1st of December 2020
Read by freely subscribing other news of the Newsletter MAFR - Law, Compliance, Regulation
Summary of the news
Like every year since the adoption of the Dodd-Frank Act, the Securities and Exchanges Commission (SEC) and especially its Office of the Whistleblowers (OWB) handed to the Congress of the United-States a report about the success of its program concerning whistleblowers, especially estimated with the amount of financial rewards granted to them during the year. This report especially presents the amount granted to whistleblowers, the quality of the collected information and the efficacy of SEC's whistleblowers' protection process.
If Americans condition the effectiveness of whistleblowing to the remuneration of whistleblowers, Europeans oppose the "ethical whistleblower" who shares information for the love of Law to the "bounty hunter" uniquely motivated by financial reward and favor the former to the later, as it is proven in the French Law Sapin II of 2016 (which do not propose financial reward to whistleblowers) or the British Public Interest Disclosure of 1998 (which just propose a financial compensation of the whistleblower's losses linked to whistleblowing).
However, American and European conceptions are not so far from each other. As United-States, Europe has a real care for legal effectivity, even if, because of their different legal traditions, Americans favor effectivity of rights while European favor effectivity of Law. If it places effectivity at the center of its preoccupations, Europe should conceive with less aversion the possibility to financially incite whistleblowers. Moreover, United-States and Europe share the same common willingness to protect whistleblowers and if rewarding would enable a better protection, then Europe should not reject it, as shows the recent declarations of the French Defenders of Rights. It is not excluded that both systems converges in a close future.
Nov. 16, 2020
Thesaurus : Soft Law
Full reference: US Securities and Exchanges Commission, Whistleblower Program. 2020 Annual Report to Congress, 16th of November 2020
Read, to go further on the question of whistleblowers:
May 28, 2020
Publications
Full reference: Frison-Roche, M.-A., L'impossible unicité juridique de la catégorie des "lanceurs d'alertes" ("The impossible legal unicity of the category of "whistleblowers""), in Chacornac, J. (dir.), Lanceurs d'alertes, regards comparatistes, ("Whistleblowers, comparative perspectives"), Publications of the Centre français de droit comparé ("French Comparative Law Center"), May 2020, Volume 21, p.13-31.
Read the article (in French).
Read the general presentation of the collective book in which this article is published
Read the bilingual working paper which had served of basis for this article.
Read the presentation of the conference "Les lanceurs d'alertes: glose" (Whistleblowers: glose") and especially the slides elabored for the colloquium organized by the Centre français de droit comparé ("French Comparative Law Center") on 23th of November 2018 under the direction of Jérôme Chacornac
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Introduction of the article
"Whistleblowers". This is a new expression. Which is a great success. Barely heard once, we hear it everywhere ...
A topic not of course or knowledge test, but rather a topic of daily conversation. Because it is spoken to us every day, in more or less gracious terms. For example President Donald Trump on October 1, 2019 declared to the press "want to question" the whistleblower who would have illegally denounced him and would not, according to him, have the right to conceal his identity, proof in this according to him of the lying character of his assertions against him, while his lawyer indicates on October 6, 2019 that he is not speaking on behalf of a single whistleblower thus taken to task but of a plurality of people who gave information against the President of the United States. Even the most imaginative screenwriters would not have written such brutal and rapid twists and turns. Spectators, we are waiting for the next episode, secretly hoping for the escalation.
And precisely if we go to the cinema, it is still a whistleblower whose dedication and success, we are told about, even the drama, for the benefit of global society, and in particular democracy, since the secrets are fought for the benefit of the truth. The Secret Man designates Mark Felt as the first whistleblower. Returning to what we often present as being a more "serious" media!footnote-1391, we listen to France-Culture and here is another story told by a historian who worked as an archivist on events that political power would have liked to keep hidden by possibly destroying their traces but which its trade led to preserve: here it is expressly presented to the studious listeners like a "whistleblower" .... While the same radio tries to find the one who could well be, as in a kind of contest the "first whistleblower"!footnote-1727? .... This rewriting of History can be defended because ultimately what did other Voltaire do for Calas, or Zola for Dreyfus?
It is also a subject of legislative discussion since in the United States the Dodd-Frank law of 2010 inserted in the law of 1934 which established the Securities & Exchanges Commission a complete device of remuneration and remuneration of the whistleblowers, whereas after having developed flexible but guiding lines in this regard in 2012!footnote-1698, the European Commission published on November 20, 2018 the text of what will become a Directive intended to give a unified European status to the character, in the system gradually developed to protect the one who was presented in 2018 as that "cannot be punished for having done what is right".
In Europe, the Directive first approved by a Resolution of the European Parliament on April 16, 2019 on the protection of persons denouncing breaches of Union Law and then adopted on October 7, 2019 (Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of European Union on the Protection of Persons who Report Violations of European Union Law, different title, it should be noted, will have to be transposed into the laws of the Member States within the next two years. , since only "violations of Union Law" are targeted, but the character of the "whistleblower" is more generally targeted: he is "whole"!footnote-1699.
In short, the whistleblower is a star!footnote-1390. A sort of historical figure, covered in blows and glory, going from Voltaire to Snowden, both of whom find themselves embodied on the screens!footnote-1681 ....,
Consecrated by law, which associates with it a legal regime of protection to such an extent that, like a Nessus tunic, it is this legal regime which will define the character and not the reverse. When we read the law of December 9, 2016 relating to transparency in the fight against corruption and the modernization of economic life, known as "Sapin 2", we notice that the Legislator makes much of this character, since 'he dedicates its chapter II to him!footnote-1682: "From the protection of whistleblowers", and that it is by his very protection that he formally opens the door of Right to him.
But why a plural? Admittedly when we read the recitals of the Community Directive of October 7, 2019 on the protection of whistleblowers!footnote-1702, it is only a list of all the subjects on which it is a good idea to protect them, which therefore prompts us to see in this plural only the index of this non-exhaustive list of subjects which it is good to tell us, a sign of the lack of definition of who should alert us. Reading the French law known as "Sapin 2" makes it less severe but more perplexing. Indeed, this plurality referred to by the title of the chapter devoted to "whistleblowers", there is no longer any question in the rest of the law, in the very definition which follows, article 6 which opens this chapter devoted to "whistleblowers" offering the reader immediately a singular since it begins as follows: "A!footnote-1684 whistleblower is a person ...". No mention of diversity. The art of legislative writing would however have required that the qualifying article not only be singular but that it should not yet be undefined. Stendhal if he had still deigned to have the law for bedside book would have wanted to find at the beginning of chapter a sentence like: "The!footnote-1683 whistleblower is a person ...".
Thus seem to contradict themselves within the law "Sapin 2 the very title which presents the character, in that it uses a defined plural (the) while the defining article which presents it is in the undefined singular (one). ...
Here is a first reason not to advance any more but in a very careful way, in this "step by step" that constitutes a reading word for word: a gloss. This consists of taking the expression itself literally. The second reason for this technical choice is that the gloss is well suited to the introduction of a collective work, thus allowing more targeted developments to take place in other contributions, on the techniques, the difficulties and the limits of this protection, or on its history, or the reasons for the arrival in French law of these whistleblowers and the way they develop, or not, elsewhere.
I am therefore going to content myself with taking this already legal expression to the letter: The (I) whistle (III). blowers (II).
April 15, 2020
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Full reference: Chacornac, J. (ed.), Lanceurs d'alerte: regards comparatistes (written in French), Editions de la Société de Législation Comparée, Vol. 21, avril 2020, 192 p.
This book follows the conference organized by the Centre français de droit Comparé on 23rd of November 2018
Read the fourth of cover (in French)
Read the table of contents (in French)
Read the presentation of Marie-Anne Frison-Roche's article: L'impossible unicité de la catégorie des lanceurs d'alerte, which is the introduction of the book
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Updated: Oct. 8, 2019 (Initial publication: Nov. 22, 2018)
Publications
This working paper served as a basis for a conference done in French for the Centre de droit comparé (Center for Comparative Law) in Paris on 23 November 2018.
Updated, it has served as a basis for an article published in French in a book of the Société de Législation comparé (Society of Comparative Legislation).
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"The whistleblowers". This is a new expression. Which wins a full success. Barely heard once, we hear it everywhere ...
A theme not only of academic teaching, but rather a topic of daily conversation. Because it is every day that we speak about it, in terms more or less graceful. For example President Donald Trump on October 1, 2019 told the press he "wants to interrogate" the whistleblower who would have unlawfully denounced him and would not have, according to him, the right to conceal his own identity, evidence in this according Donald Trump of the false character of his assertions against him, while his lawyer indicates on October 6, 2019 that he does not speak on behalf of a single whistleblower thus taken apart but of a plurality people who gave information against the President of the United States. Even the most imaginative scriptwriters would not have written twists as abruptly or so fast. Spectators, we wait for the next episode, secretly hoping for climbs and slashs.
Precisely if we go to the cinema, it is still a whistleblower whose dedication and success, or even drama, we are told, for the benefit of the global society, and especially of Democracy, since the secrets are fought for the benefit of the truth. Thus, the movie The Secret Man designates Mark Felt as the first whistleblower. Returning to what is often presented as a more "serious" media, for example in France the radio "France Culture" we can learn the story of a historian who worked as an archivist on events that the political power would have wanted to keep hidden by possibly destroying their traces but that his profession led to preserve
It is also a topic of legislative debate since in the United States the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 inserted in the 1934 law that established the Securities & Exchanges Commission (SEC) a complete system for retribution and remuneration of whistleblowers, while after elaborating guidelines about about in 2012
In Europe, the Directive first approved by a Resolution of the European Parliament on 16 April 2019 on protection of persons reporting breaches of Union law and then adopted on 7 October 2019 (Directive 2019/78 (EU) of the European Parliament European Union and the Council of the European Union on the Protection of Persons Reporting Breaches of Union law, will have to be transposed in the next two years to the legal systems of the Member States. is not general, since only "violations of European Union Law" are targeted but the character of the "whistleblower" is more generally referred to: it is "whole"
In short, the whistleblower is a star
Recognized by national legislations, which associate to him a legal regime of protection to such a point that, like a tunic of Nessus, it is this legal regime which will define his character and not the opposite. When we read the French law of December 9, 2016 relative à la transparence à la lutte contre la corruption et à la modernisation de la vie économique (on transparency in the fight against corruption and the modernization of economic life), usually known as "Sapin 2 Act", we note that the lawmaker makes much of this character, because he devotes to him the chapter II: "De la protection des
But why a plural? Certainly when we read the recitals of the European Directive of 7 October 2019 on the protection of whistleblowers
Thus seem to contradict in this law "Sapin 2" itself the very title which presents the character, in that it uses a definite plural ("the whistleblowers") while the article of definition which presents the topic does it by using the singular indefinite : "a whistleblower....".
This is a first reason to move forward only in a very cautious way, in this "step by step" that constitutes a word-by-word reading: a gloss. This method consists in taking literally the expression itself. The second reason for this technical choice is that the gloss is well suited to an introduction of a collective work, allowing more specific developments to take place in other contributions, for example on the techniques, the difficulties and the limits of this protection, or the history of it, or the reasons for the arrival in French law of these American or Brithish whistleblowers and the way they develop, or not, in other legal systems or other countries.
I will therefore content myself with taking again literally this already legal expression: The (I) launchers (II) of alert (III).
See below developments.
On the more general fact that cinema is undoubtedly the medium which most seriously restores the state of the Law, c. Frison-Roche, M.-A., Au coeur du Droit, du cinéma et de la famille : la vie, 2016.
L'histoire du premier lanceur d'alerte, France Culture, septembre 2019.
European Commission, Guidelines on Whistleblowing, 6 of December 2012, SEC(2012) 679 final, updated on 23 of April 2018.
However, precisely the so common use of plurality ("whistleblowers") raises doubts about the uniqueness of the character. On this question, see. all the first part of the developments of this study, which leads to the conclusion rather than beyond the multitude of particular cases, there are rather two kinds of whistleblowers. V. infra I.
The director of the film La fille de Brest says that she considers the whistleblower at the origin of the case of the Pick as a "movie character".
Thus, the adventures of Snowden were brought to the screen by Oliver Stone in 2016, Snowden. On the question of knowing whether this film "faithfully reproduces" or not the case, Schetizer, P., Le film Snowden est-il à la hauteur de la réalité?, 2017. This article is favorable to the whistleblower, and to the film which tells us with emotion his case, in particular because (sic), it is easier than to read the Washington Post.
Underlined by us.
Underlined by us.
About this directive, v. the developments infra
Underlined by us.
May 20, 2019
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Le régime "général" de protection des lanceurs d'alerte est-il l'expression d'un droit fondamental ?
Nov. 23, 2018
Conferences
Référence générale : Frison-Roche, M.A., Les lanceurs d'alerte : glose, in Chacornac, J. (dir.), Les lanceurs d'alerte, Institut de droit comparé, 23 novembre 2018.
Lire le programme général de la manifestation.
Consulter les slides servant de support à la conférence.
Cette intervention introductive s'appuie sur un document de travail ; consulter le document de travail.
Actualisée et articulée au Document de travail, la conférence a servi de base à l'article de présentation générale de l'ouvrage Les lanceurs d'alerte : regards comparatifs , paru en mai 2020 sous la direction de Jérôme Chacornac, dans la collection du Centre de Législation comparée.
July 3, 2018
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence complète : Malabat, V., et Auzero, G., Les lanceurs d'alerte, in Études en l'honneur de Philippe Neau-Leduc, Le juriste dans la cité, coll. « Les mélanges », LGDJ- Lextenso, 2018, pp.673-684.
Lire une présentation générale dans lequel l'article est publié.
June 27, 2018
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence complète : Deguergue, M., Le droit d'alerte : un nouveau droit de l'homme ?, in Mélanges en l'honneur de Frédéric Sudre, Les droits de l'homme à la croisée des droits, LexisNexis, 2018, pp. 157-161.
Lire une présentation générale de l'ouvrage.
Les étudiants de Sciences-Po peuvent consulter l'article via le Drive, dossier "MAFR- Régulation & Compliance".
June 27, 2018
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence complète : Oberdorff, H., Vers un statut européen du lanceur d'alerte ?, in Mélanges en l'honneur de Frédéric Sudre, Les droits de l'homme à la croisée des droits, LexisNexis, 2018, pp. 513-524.
Lire une présentation générale de l'ouvrage.
Les étudiants de Sciences-Po peuvent consulter l'article via le Drive, dossier "MAFR- Régulation & Compliance".
June 7, 2018
Thesaurus : Doctrine
May 22, 2018
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence complète : Lenoir, N., Les lanceurs d'alerte, une idée neuve en Europe, in Borga, N., Marin, J.-Cl. et Roda, J.-Cl. (dir.), Compliance : l'entreprise, le régulateur et le juge, Série Régulations & Compliance, Dalloz, 2018, pp. 103-118.
Lire une présentation générale de l'ouvrage dans lequel est publié l'article.
Consulter les autres titres de la Série dans laquelle est publié l'ouvrage.
April 4, 2018
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence complète : Sordino, M.-C., Le signalement des infractions de corruption par les lanceurs d'alerte, in Brigant, J.-M., (dir.), Le risque de corruption, Dalloz, 2018, pp. 59-74.
Consulter l'ouvrage dans lequel l'article a été publié.
Les étudiants de Sciences-Po peuvent consulter l'article via le Drive, dossier " MAFR- Regulation & Compliance"
Feb. 7, 2018
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence complète : Leclerc, O., Protéger les lanceurs d'alerte. La démocratie technique à l'épreuve de la loi, coll. "Éxégèses", LGDJ Lextenso, 2017, 106 p.
Les lanceurs d'alerte ont acquis une place nouvelle dans l’espace public. On leur doit la révélation de scandales sanitaires comme financiers. De délateurs, ils sont maintenant vus comme des défenseurs de l'intérêt public. Cet ouvrage analyse la manière dont le droit français a accompagné cette reconnaissance du rôle positif des lanceurs d'alerte et les a protégés contre les mesures de rétorsion.
Lire la quatrième de couverture.
Dec. 7, 2017
Interviews
Référence complète : FRISON-ROCHE, M.-A., Il faut construire un dispositif européen de compliance, voilà l'avenir !, in Actualité/Entretien, Petites Affiches, propos recueillis par Olivia DUFOUR, n° 244, 7 déc. 2017, pp. 4-6.
Entretien donné à propos de la sortie de l'ouvrage Régulation, Supervision, Compliance.
Réponse aux questions suivantes :
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March 7, 2017
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence complète : Chaltier, F., A la recherche d'un statut pour les lanceurs d'alerte, Petites Affiches, 9 mars 2017, p.4-15.
Les étudiants de Sciences po peuvent lire via le drive l'article dans le dossier "MAFR - Régulation"
Nov. 21, 2016
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Oct. 12, 2016
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Sept. 1, 2016
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence complète : Boursier M-E., L'irrésistible ascension du whistleblowing en droit financier s'étend aux abus de marché, in Actualité du droit financier, BJB éd., Sept. 2016-n°9, pp. 382- 393.
Les étudiants de Sciences-Po peuvent accéder à l'article via le drive dans le dossier "MAFR-Régulation"
June 16, 2016
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence complète : Eeckhoudt, M. (dir.), Les grandes entreprises échappent-elles au droit, Revue Internationale de Droit Économique (RIDE), 2016/2,De Boeck, (introduction, par Marjorie Eeckhoudt, p. 151-163.).
Les étudiants de Sciences po peuvent lire l'article via le drive dans le dossier "MAFR - Régulation" les différents articles qui constituent le dossier.
L'auteur présente dans l'introduction le dossier consacré à l'articulation entre la compliance et la responsabilité pénale.
Elle y voit l'importation du droit américain dans un "copier-traduire-coller". Elle y voit à la fois la puissance du droit et un moyen pour les grandes entreprises qui multiplient les chartes d'échapper aux droits nationaux.
Elle estime que cela participe des "divers instruments de la régulation", assistant notamment à un retour de la réglementation, par exemple à propos des agences de notation et la règle comply or explain.
Or, "compliance rime avec indépendance" (p.158) et l'agence de notation n'est pas toujours indépendance de son client : c'est pourquoi le conflit d'intérêts est au cœur de la compliance. "compliance rime avec transparence" (p.158).
L'auteur explique le souci d'efficacité guide aussi désormais la responsabilité pénale, à travers la négociation pénale ou l'accueil du lanceur d'alerte. Mais l'efficacité n'est encore la mieux servie en matière de sanction.
Dans ce dossier voir aussi :
BONNEAU Thierry, Les conflits d'intérêts dans le règlement Agence de notation du 16 septembre 2009.
KRALL Markus, Gouvernance et conflits d'intérêts dans les agences de notation financière.
FASTERLING Björn, Criminal compliance - Les risques d'un droit pénal du risque.
GARRETT Brandon L., Le délinquant d'entreprise comme bouc émissaire.
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June 16, 2016
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence complète : Montecler (de), M.-C., Les lanceurs d'alerte sous la protection du Défenseur des droits ?, in AJPA, Dalloz, 2016 p.1204.
Les étudiants de Sciences-Po peuvent consulter l'article via le Drive, dossier "MAFR- Régulation & Compliance"
April 12, 2016
Thesaurus : Soft Law
Full reference: Conseil d'Etat, Whistleblowing: reporting, handling and protecting, Annual study adopted by the Assemblée générale plénière (Plenary General Assembly), 2016
Jan. 8, 2014
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence complète : Silguy de, S., Lanceurs d'alerte : une protection juridique discrète, in Revue Lamy Droit Civil, WKF, janvier 2014, pp. 67-71.
Ils sont chercheurs ou salariés, ils ont averti des risques de l'amiante, des prothèses mammaires PIP ou encore de certains médicaments et en ont perdu leur travail. Ces lanceurs d'alerte bénéficient d'une protection assez faible en France. Seuls les salariés du secteur privé signalant de bonne foi des faits de corruption, dénonçant des atteintes sanitaires ou des conflits d'intérêts en politique sont protégés. Malgré les interventions récentes du législateur, la France reste très en retard par rapport à ses voisins européens.
Les étudiants de Sciences-Po peuvent consulter l'article via le Drive, dossier "MAFR - Regulation & Compliance"
Nov. 12, 2012
Conferences
La séance qu'il s'agit de présider fait suite à un ensemble d'interventions ayant traité le sujet branche du droit par branche du droit. Celle-ci est plus thématique est prospective, puisqu'elle envisage par exemple les associations comme "lanceurs d'alerte", les actions de groupe ou les préjudices qui pourraient ainsi être réparés. Ce sont donc avant tout des sujets d'avenir, notamment pour les nouvelles matières comme le droit de l'environnement.
C’est d’une façon plus privilégiée à travers le droit de l’environnement que la problématique sera analysée, mais cela n’est qu’à titre illustratif, les propos étant articulés dans une perspective générale.
Ainsi, les intervenants font prendre appui sur les difficultés nouvelles que l’on observe dans certains situations, par exemple en cas de dommages environnementaux, et du coup les solutions nouvelles que les associations pourraient mettre en oeuvre en tant qu’elles sont des parties au procès qu’on ne peut réduire ni au ministère public ni à l’administration ni à une personne privée.
En outre, si l’action de groupe est analysée à travers l’avantage d’efficacité qu’elle pourrait constituer, les intervenants recherchant comment éviter l’effet pervers que constitue l’appropriation des dommages et intérêts pour les associations
Du point de vue plus systémique, sera posée la question de savoir dans quelle mesure les associations pourraient ou devraient partie à l’élaboration des normes.