Thesaurus : Soft Law
Référence complète : Response to the Study on Directors’ Duties and Sustainable Corporate Governance by Nordic Company Law Scholars, octobre 2020.
Thesaurus : Soft Law
Référence complète : Gauvain, R. et Marleix, O., Rapport d'information sur l'évaluation de l'impact de la loi n° 2016-1691 du 9 décembre 2016 relative à la transparence, à la lutte contre la corruption et à la modernisation de la vie économique, 2021.
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Thesaurus
Référence complète : Grandjean, J.P., rapporteur, Rapport sur l'avocat chargé d'une enquête interne, Conseil de l'Ordre des Avocats, Paris, 8 mars 2016.
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : A. Nicollet, "Le Droit de la Compliance, clé de voute de la Régulation de l’intelligence artificielle", in in P. Bonis et L. Castex (dir.), Compliance et nouvelles régulations, Annales des Mines, coll. "Enjeux numériques", juin 2025.
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► Voir la présentation d'articles publiés dans le même numéro :
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Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence Complète : Europe Economics, Etat des lieux et perspectives des programmes de conformité, Etude réalisée pour le Conseil de la Concurrence, 2008.
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : L. d'Avout, La cohérence mondiale du droit, Cours général de droit international privé, Académie de droit international de La Haye, t.443, 2025, 692 p.
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Thesaurus : Doctrine
►Référence complète : Galli, M., Une justice pénale propre aux personnes morales : Réflexions sur la convention judiciaire d'intérêt public , Revue de Sciences Criminelle, 2018, pp. 359-385.
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Thesaurus : Doctrine

► Référence complète : M. Caffin-Moi, "L’imprégnation des branches du droit par les mécanismes de compliance : le contrat", in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Compliance et contrat, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Dalloz, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", à paraître
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📕lire une présentation de l'ouvrage, Compliance et contrat, dans lequel cet article est publié
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► Résumé de l'article (fair par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance - JoRC) : L'auteure commence par montrer que les contrats sont de plus en plus présents dans le Droit de la Compliance, celui-ci n'étant plus ce qui est seulement exprimé par des lois d'ordre public, tandis que le contrat ne porterait que les intérêts privés de deux parties particulières. Elle expose comment concrètement aujourd'hui, et chaque jour davantage, les contrats sont utilisés comme un instrument de diffusion de la Compliance, la Vigilance étant exemplaire de cela, les textes incitant les entreprises à le faire, la CS3D mettant "le contrat à l'honneur" par la mise en place de "cascades contractuelles", le contrat agissant à la fois en surface et en profondeur.
Mais il ne faut pas que le contrat soit un moyen de restreindre la responsabilité, et l'on trouve des points de "friction" entre Contrat et Compliance.
Tout d'abord, parce que les réglementations, voire la jurisprudence, obligent les entreprises à contracter, par exemple avec des fournisseurs de rang 2, ce qui est une atteinte à la liberté de ne pas contracter.
En outre, les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance institutionnalisent une relation contractuelle qui peut être déséquilibrée, voire engendrer une concurrence déloyale si une entreprise s'y plie et l'autre pas, la Compliance conférant de plus des prérogatives exorbitantes à l'entreprise.
Pour ne pas provoquer trop de conflits, et l'auteure souligne que le premier est certainement celui sur la compétence juridictionnelle entre le tribunal de commerce et le Tribunal judiciaire de Paris, il faut impérativement un dialogue des juges.
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Editorial responsibilities : Direction de la collection "Droit et Économie", L.G.D.J. - Lextenso éditions (30)

🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn
🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR. Regulation, Compliance, Law
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Contentieux Systémique Émergent (Emerging Systemic Litigation), Paris, LGDJ, "Droit & Économie" Serie, to be published
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📚Consult all the other books of the Serie in which this book is published
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► General Presentation of the Book :
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Thesaurus : Doctrine

► Full Reference: B. Sillaman, "Taking the Compliance U.S. Procedural Experience globally", in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant, coll. "Compliance & Regulation", to be published.
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📘read a general presentation of the book, Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): The French legal system is evolving, organizing interaction between lawyers with regulators and prosecutors, specially in investigations about corruption or corporate misconduct, adopting U.S. negotiated resolutions such as the Convention judiciaire d'intérêt public, which encourages "collaboration" between them.
The author describes the evolution of the U.S. DOJ doctrine and askes French to be inspired by the U.S. procedural experience, U.S. where this mechanism came from. Indeed, the DOJ released memoranda about what the "collaboration" means. At the end (2006 Memorandum), the DOJ has considered that the legal privilege must remain intact when the information is not only factual in order to maintain trust between prosecutors, regulators and lawyers.
French authorities do not follow this way. The author regrets it and thinks they should adopt the same reasoning as the American authority on the secret professionnel of the avocat, especially when he intervenes in the company internal investigation.
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🦉This article is available in full text to those registered for Professor Marie-Anne Frison-Roche's courses
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Thesaurus : Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de résolution (A.C.P.R.)
Référence complète : Autorité de contrôle prudentiel et de résolution (ACPR), commission des sanctions, décision du 29 avril 2021, Cardif Assurance-Vie
June 10, 2026
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : E da Allada. (dir.), Devoir de vigilance. Quelles perspectives africaines ?, Lefebvre-Dalloz, coll. "Thèmes & Commentaires, 2026, sous presse.
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►Voir notamment la présentation des contributions :
May 29, 2026
Editorial responsibilities : Direction of the collection Compliance & Regulation, JoRC and Bruylant

🌐Follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn
🌐Subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law
🌐Subscribe to the video newsletter MAFR Overhang
🌐Subscribe to the Newsletter MaFR Law & Art
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Compliance Obligation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant, "Compliance & Regulation" Serie, 2026, to be published
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📕In parallel, a book in French L'Obligation de compliance, is published in the collection "Régulations & Compliance" co-published by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Lefebvre-Dalloz.
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📚This book is inserted in this series created by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche for developing Compliance Law.
read the presentations of the other books of this Compliance Series:
🕴️M.A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📘Compliance Evidential System, 2027
🕴️M.A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📘Compliance and Contract, 2027
🕴️M.A. Frison-Roche (ed), 📘Compliance Juridictionnalisation, 2023
🕴️M.A. Frison-Roche (ed), 📘Compliance Monumental Goals, 2022
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📘Compliance Tools, 2021
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► go to the general presentation of this 📚Series Compliance & Regulation, conceived, founded et managed by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, co-published par the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant.
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🧮the book follows the cycle of colloquia organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and its Universities partners.
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► general presentation of the book: Compliance is sometimes presented as something that cannot be avoided, which is tantamount to seeing it as the legal obligation par excellence, Criminal Law being its most appropriate mode of expression. However, this is not so evident. Moreover, it is becoming difficult to find a unity to the set of compliance tools, encompassing what refers to a moral representation of the world, or even to the cultures specific to each company, Compliance Law only having to produce incentives or translate this ethical movement. The obligation of compliance is therefore difficult to define.
This difficulty to define affecting the obligation of compliance reflects the uncertainty that still affects Compliance Law in which this obligation develops. Indeed, if we were to limit this branch of law to the obligation to "be conform" with the applicable regulations, the obligation would then be located more in these "regulations", the classical branches of Law which are Contract Law and Tort Law organising "Obligations" paradoxically remaining distant from it. In practice, however, it is on the one hand Liability actions that give life to legal requirements, while companies make themselves responsible through commitments, often unilateral, while contracts multiply, the articulation between legal requirements and corporate and contractual organisations ultimately creating a new way of "governing" not only companies but also what is external to them, so that the Monumental Goals, that Compliance Law substantially aims at, are achieved.
The various Compliance Tools illustrate this spectrum of the Compliance Obligation which varies in its intensity and takes many forms, either as an extension of the classic legal instruments, as in the field of information, or in a more novel way through specific instruments, such as whistleblowing or vigilance. The contract, in that it is by nature an Ex-Ante instrument and not very constrained by borders, can then appear as a natural instrument in the compliance system, as is the Judge who is the guarantor of the proper execution of Contract and Tort laws. The relationship between companies, stakeholders and political authorities is thus renewed.
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🏗️general construction of the book
The book opens with a substantial Introduction, putting the different sort of obligations of compliance in legal categories for showing that companies must build structures of compliance (obligation of result) and act to contribute with states and stakeholders to reach Monumental Goals (obligation of means).
The first part is devoted to the definition of the Compliance Obligation.
The second part presents the articulation of Compliance obligation with the other branchs of Law, because the specific obligation is built by Compliance Law, as new substantial branch of Law but also by many other branchs of Law.
The third part develops the pratical means established to obtained the Compliance Obligation to be effective, efficace and efficient.
The fourth part takes the Obligation of Vigilance as an illustration of all these considerations and the discussion about the future of this sparehead fo the Compliance Obligation .
The fifth part refers to the place and the role of the judges, natural characters for any obligation.
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ANCHORING THE SO DIVERSE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATIONS IN THEIR NATURE, REGIMES AND FORCE TO BRING OUT THE VERY UNITY OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION, MAKING IT COMPREHENSIBLE AND PRACTICABLE
🔹 Compliance Obligation: building a compliance structure that produces credible results withe regard to the Monumentals Goals targeted by the Legislator, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
TITLE I.
IDENTIFYING THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION
CHAPTER I: NATURE OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION
Section 1 🔹 Will, Heart and Calculation, the three marks surrounding the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
Section 2 🔹 Debt, as the basis of the compliance obligation, by 🕴️Bruno Deffains
Section 3 🔹 Compliance Obligation and Human Rights, by 🕴️Jean-Baptiste Racine
Section 4 🔹 Compliance Obligation and changes in Sovereignty and Citizenship, by 🕴️René Sève
Section 5 🔹 The definition of the Compliance Obligation in Cybersecurity, by 🕴️Michel Séjean
CHAPTER II: SPACES OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION
Section 1 🔹 Industrial Entities and Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Etienne Maclouf
Section 2 🔹 Compliance, Value Chains and Service Economy, by 🕴️Lucien Rapp
Section 3 🔹 Compliance and conflict of laws. International Law of Vigilance-Conformity, based on applications in Europe, by 🕴️Louis d'Avout
TITLE II.
ARTICULATING THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION WITH OTHER BRANCHES OF LAW
Section 1 🔹 Tax Law and Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Daniel Gutmann
Section 2 🔹 General Procedural Law, prototype of the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
Section 3 🔹 Corporate and Financial Markets Law facing the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Anne-Valérie Le Fur
Section 4 🔹 Transformation of Governance and Vigilance Obligation, by 🕴️Véronique Magnier
Section 5 🔹 The Relation between Tort Law and Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Jean-Sébastien Borghetti
Section 6 🔹 Environmental and Climate Compliance, by 🕴️Marta Torre-Schaub
Section 7 🔹 Competition Law and Compliance Law, by 🕴️Jean-Christophe Roda
Section 8 🔹 The Compliance Obligation in Global Law, by 🕴️Benoît Frydman & 🕴️Alice Briegleb
Section 9 🔹 Environmental an Climatic Dimensions of the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Marta Torre-Schaub
Section 10 🔹 Judge of Insolvency Law and Compliance Obligations, by 🕴️Jean-Baptiste Barbièri
TITLE III.
COMPLIANCE: GIVE AND TAKE THE MEANS TO OBLIGE
CHAPTER I: COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION: THE CONVERGENCE OF SOURCES
Section 1 🔹 Compliance Obligation upon Obligation works, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
Section 2 🔹 Conformity technologies to meet Compliance Law requirements. Some examples in Digital Law, by 🕴️Emmanuel Netter
Section 3 🔹 Legal Constraint and Company Strategies in Compliance matters, by 🕴️Jean-Philippe Denis & 🕴️Nathalie Fabbe-Coste
Section 4 🔹 Opposition and convergence of American and European legal systems in Compliance Rules and Systems, by 🕴️Raphaël Gauvain & 🕴️Blanche Balian
Section 5 🔹 In Compliance Law, the legal consequences for Entreprises of their Commitments and Undertakings, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
CHAPTER II: INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION IN SUPPORT OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION
Section 1 🔹 How International Arbitration can reinforce the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Laurent Aynès
Section 2 🔹 Arbitration consideration of Compliance Obligation for a Sustainable Arbitration Place, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
Section 3 🔹 The Arbitral Tribunal's Award in Kind, in support of the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Eduardo Silva Romero
Section 4 🔹 The use of International Arbitration to reinforce the Compliance Obligation: the example of the construction sector, by 🕴️Christophe Lapp
Section 5 🔹 The Arbitrator, Judge, Supervisor, Support, by 🕴️Jean-Baptiste Racine
TITLE IV.
VIGILANCE, SPEARHEAD OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION
Section 1 🔹 Vigilance Obligation, Spearheard and Total Share of the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
CHAPTER I: INTENSITIES OF THE VIGILANCE OBLIGATION, SPEARHEAD OF THE COMPLIANCE SYSTEM
Section 2 🔹 Intensity of the Vigilance Obligation by Sectors: the case of Financial Operators, by 🕴️Anne-Claire Rouaud
Section 3 🔹 Intensity of the Vigilance Obligation by Sectors: the case of Digital Operators, by 🕴️Grégoire Loiseau
Section 4 🔹 Intensity of the Vigilance Obligation by Sectors: the case of Energy Operators, by 🕴️Marie Lamoureux
CHAPTER II: GENERAL EVOLUTION OF THE VIGILANCE OBLIGATION
Section 1 🔹 Rethinking the Concept of Civil Liability in the light of the Duty of Vigilance, Spearhead of Compliance, by 🕴️Mustapha Mekki
Section 2 🔹 Contracts and clauses, implementation and modalities of the Vigilance Obligation, by 🕴️Gilles J. Martin
Section 3 🔹 Proof that Vigilance has been properly carried out with regard to the Compliance Evidence System, by 🕴️Jean-Christophe Roda
Section 4 🔹 Compliance, Vigilance and Civil Liability: put in order and keep the Reason, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
Title V.
THE JUDGE AND THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION
Section 1 🔹 Present and Future Challenges of Articulating Principles of Civil and Commercial Procedure with the Logic of Compliance, by 🕴️Thibault Goujon-Bethan
Section 2 🔹 The Judge required for an Effective Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
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CONCLUSION
THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION: A BURDEN BORNE BY SYSTEMIC COMPANIES GIVING LIFE TO COMPLIANCE LAW
(conclusion and key points of the books, free access)
May 29, 2026
Conferences

🌐suivre Marie-Anne Frison-Roche sur LinkedIn
🌐s'abonner à la Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law
🌐s'abonner à la Newsletter en vidéo MAFR Surplomb
🌐s'abonner à la Newsletter MaFR Droit & Art
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "L'émergence du contentieux contractuel impliquant la Compliance par la convergence des matières", in Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (,..), Le contentieux contractuel impliquant la Compliance : aspects procéduraux et juridictionnels, Faculté de droit, Lyon, 29 mai 2026.
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🧮consulter le programme complet de la manifestation
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🚧Lire le document de travail bilingue sur la base duquel cette conférence est bâti
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Lire la présentation des deux autres interventions dans ce colloque :
🎥Le maniement du temps dans le contentieux contractuel impliquant la Compliance : de l’urgence au temps long
🎥Le jugement adéquat dans le contentieux contractuel impliquant la Compliance et son exécution efficace
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🌐Lire le compte-rendu de la conférence et de la manifestation sur LinkedIn
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📝Cette conférence sera la base d'une contribution dans l'ouvrage, 📕Compliance et Contrat,
à paraître dans la collection 📚Régulations & Compliance, ouvrage coédité par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Lefebvre-Dalloz.
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► Présentation de cette conférence introductive du colloque : Le colloque porte sur une hypothèse procédurale et juridictionnelle précise
⛏️Aller plus loin :
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Le couple Ex Ante - Ex Post, justification d'un droit spécifique et propre de la régulation, in 🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📕Les engagements dans les systèmes de régulation, 2006
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝La responsabilité Ex Ante, pilier du Droit de la Compliance, 2022
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝LCompliance, Vigilance et Responsabilité civile : comprendre raison garder, in 🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📕L'obligation de compliance, 2025
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Mon troisième point de départ est la "gouvernance", terme qui est assez mystérieux , car il relève davantage de la gestion de l'art politique de mobiliser les êtres humains que du droit pour que les bonnes décisions soient prises, que les bons comportements se prennent afin que les intérêts légitimes soient préservés. L'idée de gouvernance es apparue en droit lorsqu'est imposée l'idée que l'application pure et simple des règles ne produisait pas toujours le résultat voulu par l'auteur de ces règles. Cela est vrai pour le secteur bancaire. Cela est encore plus vrai pour le secteur financier (où les acteurs sont plus mobile). C'est sans doute le pilier sur le secteur numérique, peu sensible aux frontières.
La "gouvernance bancaire" renvoie à la façon dont le secteur lui-même s'organise en répondant aux textes, ici ceux qui organisent la lutte contre le blanchiment d'argent et le financement du terrorisme. En effet, contrairement au système financier, le système bancaire est gouverné par les opérateurs qui sont certes à la fois réglementés, régulés et supervisés, mais qui intériorisent ces textes, le plus souvent de droit pénal ou de droit administratif répressif, dans un mixage du droit le plus dur et du droit le plus souple.
Cee mixage qui produit cette "gouvernance" est souvent mal comprise, soit parce que l'on estimerait que le secteur bancaire s'approprierait des prérogatives régaliennes, soit parce qu'on soutiendrait qu'elles assument, notamment financièrement, une fonction d'ordre public qui devrait être supportée par l'Etat. L'on entend fréquemment cette dispute, le Droit de la Compliance étant critiqué soit dans le premier angle, soit sous le second.
Plus concrètement, comme le souligne le titre même de la manifestation, la "gouvernance" suppose la "participation" de ceux qui sont concernés par le but monumental qu'il s'agit d'atteindre : lutter contre le blanchiment d'argent pour que le système bancaire soit sain. Les banques aussi y ont intérêt, comme l'Etat a intéret à la solidité d'un système bancaire qui ne soit corrodé par le crime.
La participation doit se faire à deux niveaux. Dans la gouvernance entre les entités bancaires et les autorités publiques d'une part ; dans la gouvernance au sein même des banques. En effet, dans le Droit de la Compliance, cette contribution aux ambitions régaliennes doit pénétrer dans les banques elles-mêmes. En premier lieu, en faisant effectivement "participer" les êtres humains qui les composent, à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur, leurs "partenaires" et les parties prenantes. Cela peut s'appeler une "gouvernance" dans une alliance par des buts, explicites, avec des contributions qui ne sont pas crues sur paroles mais qui sont apportées par des "structures de compliance", des "comportements crédibles" et des "trajectoires plausibles".
En cela, les banques mutualistes sont en meilleure position que les autres. Les mécanismes de formation, au centre du Droit de la Compliance, y jouent un rôle essentiel. En second lieu, les alliances avec les autorités publiques et les ancrages territoriaux, avec les évaluations concrètes sont décisifs. Le contrat devient alors non pas seulement le moyen obligé par lequel la banque assujettie exécute son obligation réglementaire mais l'outil juridique le plus classique par lequel elle exerce sa liberté pour contribuer en ce qui la concerne à la réalisation des buts monumentaux pour l'avenir du groupe social, aujourd'hui menacé.
On est loin et au-delà de la "conformité" : cela s'appelle le Droit de la Compliance.
⛏️Aller plus loin :
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Un droit substantiel de la compliance, appuyé sur la tradition européenne humaniste,in 🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📕Pour une Europe de la Compliance, 2019
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝La formation : contenu et contenant de la Compliance, in 🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📕Les outils de la compliance, 2020
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Contrat de compliance, clauses de compliance, 2022
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, ⚙️Compliance et Contrat, 2026
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 🏛️Mission donnée par le garde des Sceaux, ministre de la Justice, Droit de la Compliance, Travaux en cours, 2025 - 2026.
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May 14, 2026
Questions of Law
May 4, 2026
Interviews

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🌐s'abonner à la Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law
🌐s'abonner à la Newsletter en vidéo MAFR Surplomb
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, « Le déploiement de l’art contractuel ne fait que commencer en matière de compliance », interview réalisée par Olivia Dufour pour Actu-juridique, Lextenso, 4 mai 2026
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► lire l'entretien : 💬 Lire l'interview
🌐lire la présentation de l'entretien sur LinkedIn
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► présentation de l'entretien par Actu-Juridique : Le professeur Marie-Anne Frison-Roche poursuit l’élaboration d’une doctrine de la compliance avec un cycle de cinq conférences sur « compliance et contrat » qui se tiendront entre mai et novembre prochains. Il paraît étonnant que le contrat joue un rôle dans la compliance, conçue comme une série d’obligations réglementaires de mettre en place des structures d’alerte, des plans, des systèmes de collecte d’information et de sécurité de données afin d’obtenir des comportements efficaces…Marie-Anne Frison-Roche nous explique que c’est, en réalité, un outil stratégique à développer.
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Q. Pouvez-vous nous rappeler la différence entre compliance et conformité car la confusion est encore fréquente entre les deux notions ?
Résumé de la réponse de MAFR : El
Q. On a le sentiment que la compliance relève plutôt du pénal que des outils du droit civil….
Résumé de la réponse MAFR : l'
Q. Qu’est-ce que le « contrat de compliance » ?
Résumé de la réponse MAFR : Le
Q. Le contrat de compliance doit être distingué des « clauses de compliance ». À quoi servent celles-ci dans les contrats ?
Résumé de la réponse MAFR : Le
Q. Quel est l’intérêt pour les entreprises ?
Résumé de la réponse MAFR : Le
Q. Les enjeux sont de plus en plus importants, on le voit dans les nouveaux contentieux liés au devoir de vigilance, mais aussi à travers la condamnation récente de Lafarge pour financement du terrorisme. Quelles leçons peut-on tirer de ce jugement ?
Résumé de la réponse MAFR : Le
Q. Pourquoi cette distinction entre droit pénal et droit de la compliance est-elle si importante ?
Résumé de la réponse MAFR : Le
Q. Quels sont les signes de cette contamination ?
Résumé de la réponse MAFR : Le
Q. Précisément, Lafarge a conclu un accord avec le Department of Justice américain de 778 millions de dollars en 2022 pour refermer ce dossier. Il était difficile ensuite, pour les personnes physiques désignées outre-Atlantique comme étant à l’origine des infractions, de se défendre devant la justice française….
Résumé de la réponse MAFR : Le
Q. Le ministre de la Justice vous a confié une mission sur la compliance, quel est son objet ?
Résumé de la réponse MAFR : Le
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May 4, 2026
Questions of Law
April 22, 2026
Questions of Law
March 12, 2026
Thesaurus : 08. Juridictions du fond
► Référence complète : TJ Paris, 34ième ch., "Régulation économique, sociale et environnementale", RG n°24/04017, 12 mars 2026, Sherpa et autres c/ groupe Yves Rocher.
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March 12, 2026
Conferences

🌐Follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn
🌐Subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law
🌐Subscribe to the video newsletter MAFR Overhang
🌐Subscribe to the Newsletter MaFR Law & Art
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► Full reference : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Obligation de compliance et gouvernance bancaire (Compliance obligations and banking governance)", in Chair in Business Ethics: Compliance, ESG and Sustainability Reporting & National Association of Bank Lawyers (ANJB), Compliance et vigilance bancaire : la participation des acteurs du secteur bancaire et financier à la LCB/FT (Compliance and Banking Vigilance: the Participation of Banking and Financial Sector Players in AML/CFT) , Faculty of Law, Catholic University of Lille, Lille, 12 March 2026.
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🧮view the full programme for the event (in French)
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🌐read the summary of this conference and the colloquium on LinkedIn
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📝This lecture will form the basis of a contribution to a forthcoming book in the 📚Régulations & Compliance series, co-published by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Lefebvre-Dalloz.
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► English presentation of this introductory lecture of the symposium : Based on a specific method, three perspectives will be taken.
In method, to shed light on the round tables making up the day's meetings without addressing the subject in their place or pretending to answer in advance the questions they will raise, or seeking to conclude in advance without having listened to anything, which is sometimes the flaw of introductions, which are so often a kind of disguised closing statement, with just a few question marks to give the impression of change, I have adopted the old, old method of the "triple funnel" introduction.
This involves starting from a point other than the subject of the conference itself, Compliance and banking vigilance: the participation of banking and financial sector players in AML/CFT, in order to approach the subject from an external perspective and in a preliminary manner, nbsp;then moving on to a second external point, and doing so a third time, so that after this three-part presentation, the subject has been explored in sufficient depth to allow the following speakers to focus on the specific topic at hand.
This is all the easier given that the chosen theme itself focuses on three points: a specific ambition (the "fight against money laundering and terrorist financing"), a specific sector (the "banking sector") and a specific activity carried out by individuals; three specific terms: one ambition (the "fighting agains AML/CFT""activity"). - one sectors (the "banking sector") and one active department (the "participation of stakeholders").
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My first starting point is to define what Compliance Law is in order to link Compliance Law to the subject it covers: the banking sector. Because if it were simply a matter of "being conform with applicable regulations", it is difficult to understand why the banking sector is so concerned, so constrained, so exposed to "compliance", which is simply the British way of saying "conformity". There must be more to it than simply obeying every rule and standards for preventing breaches for it, to be obliged to be so structuring and for the banking sector to be at the forefront.
It therefore appears that Compliance Law is not simply mechanical obedience to a body of regulations, but rather the contribution made by systemic operators to the realisation of political ambitions that are essential for the future (the "Monumental Goals", both negative and positive). It is in this capacity that the banking sector, because it is composed of "crucial operators", is the natural subject of Compliance Law. Its power should not be criticised; it is indispensable. In an emerging branch of law that is systemic, that is Ex Ante, that is above all a Law of action whose object is the future. Techniques of conformity is only one tool.
⛏️Go further :
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Compliance Law, 2016
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝 Monumental goals, the beating heart of compliance law, in 🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📕The monumental goals of compliance, 2022
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝The Birth of a New Branch of Law: Compliance Law, 2024
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Compliance and conformity: distinguishing between them in order to articulate them, 2024
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My second starting point is to start with the "Monumental Goals", this normative foundation of Compliance Law, and link it to this present specific case, privileged ambition of combating money laundering and terrorist financing. Certain things are surprising. Indeed, if we refuse at the introductory stage to delve into the technicalities of the texts and the litigation surrounding them, we may wonder why these two subjects (money laundering and terrorist financing) are linked in this way. We can see the correlation between banking activitird and money laundering. Notaries, auctioneers, and, in short, anyone who handles money are also involved in the fight against it. Moreover, if we see the ratio legis, the idea remains that the one who is merely the conduit (to use the familiar basis distinction in the regulatory rule of essential network infrastructure) could also be the one who organises the content: the image remains of the money laundering banker. Even if the ex ante compliance diligence whitewashes in advance, this suspicion that remains of an ex post sanction. We pay dearly for this representation, which permeates the repressive, even Criminal, Law of banking supervision, particularly in matters of secrecy, transparency, information and risk-taking.
But why extend it to terrorist financing? Because the suspicion of terrorist bankers no longer exists. The case becomes clear-cut again. It is a matter of internalising within banks the sovereign responsibility to intervene before it is too late, before people are killed. Financing is the weak and visible point of systemic evil. This is understandable. It has moved from ex post (financial processing after the crime) to ex ante (financial processing before the crime). It is of a different nature.
But if this is of a different nature, there is no reason to stop this Ex Ante surveillance, because money movements provide so much information about collective and individual projects. For example, in the digital space. We must be careful about this, in light of the principle of freedom, of which the principle of non-interference is only one aspect.
⛏️Go further :
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝The Ex Ante - Ex Post Couple, Justification of a Specific Regulatory Law, in 🕴🏻M. -A. Frison-Roche, 📕Les engagements dans les systèmes de régulation, 2006
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Ex Ante Responsability, a pillar of Compliance Law, 2022
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Compliance, Vigilance and Civil Liability: Understanding and Keeping a Level Head, in 🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📕The obligation of compliance, 2025
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My third starting point is "Governance", a rather mysterious term, as it relates more to the political art of mobilising human beings than to Law. Why is it necessary for "actors" to participate, when legal norms are binding and, in most cases, take the form of Criminal Law? The combination of the most violent norms, the application of financial penalties, and even deprivation of liberty, being often claimed as a victory for financial and banking regulatory and supervisatory bodies , even as procedural principles are being rolled back, could be a source of incomprehension.
Moreover, in a legal system that would be challenged by this "Governance", it is up to the State to dictate and the banks to obey. But if banks take charge of everything, it becomes difficult to maintain this system, and it is undoubtedly no longer tenable if the Monumental Goal expands to dimensions that exceed those of the State but correspond to those of the banks. The risk then is to move from one governing body to another, which is a growing social and political risk.
In practical terms, banking operators can achieve this reversal in two ways. Firstly, by effectively involving the human beings who make up their organisations, both internally and externally, their partners and stakeholders. This can be called "Governance" in an alliance based on explicitcommon goals, with contributions that are not taken at face value but are provided by "compliance structures", "credible behaviour" and "plausible trajectories".
In this respect, mutual banks are in a better position than others. Training mechanisms, which are central to Compliance Law, play an essential role here. Secondly, alliances with public authorities and regional roots, with concrete assessments, are decisive. The contract then becomes not only the mandatory means by which the regulated bank fulfils its regulatory obligation, but also the most traditional legal tool by which it exercises its freedom to contribute, in its own way, to the achievement of Monumental Goals for the future of the social group, which is currently under threat.
We are far beyond "conformity": this is called Compliance Law.
⛏️Find out more :
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝A substantive Compliance Law, based on the European humanist tradition,in 🕴🏻M. -A. Frison-Roche, 📕Towards a Europe of Compliance, 2019
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Training: content and context of Compliance Law, in 🕴🏻M. -A. Frison-Roche, 📕Compliance tools, 2020
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Compliance Contract, compliance clauses, 2022
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, ⚙️Compliance and Contracts, 2026
🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 🏛️Official Mission given by the French Minister of Justice, Compliance Law, Work in progress, 2025 - 2026.
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March 12, 2026
Questions of Law
March 12, 2026
Questions of Law
March 12, 2026
Questions of Law
March 12, 2026
Questions of Law