► Référence complète : S. Manacorda, "La dynamique des programmes de conformité des entreprises : déclin ou transfiguration du droit pénal des affaires ?", in A. Supiot (dir.), L'entreprise dans un monde sans frontières. Perspectives économiques et juridiques, coll. "Les sens du droit", Dalloz, 2015, p. 191-208.

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► Résumé de l'article : 

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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche

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Référence : Beauvais, P., Méthode transactionnelle et justice pénale, in  Gaudemet, A. (dir.), La compliance : un nouveau monde? Aspects d'une mutation du droit, coll. "Colloques", éd. Panthéon-Assas, Panthéon-Assas, 2016, pp. 79-90.

Voir la présentation générale de  l'ouvrage dans lequel l'article a été publié.

Référence complète : Boursier, M.-E., L’irrésistible ascension du whistleblowing en droit financier s’étend aux abus de marché, Bulletin Joly Bourse, 1ier septembre 2016.

Les étudiants de Sciences po peuvent lire l'article en accédant au dossier "MAFR - Régulation"

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This general bibliography brings together some general references, which overlap or cross over the more specific bibliographies on Compliance, through different subjects or branches of Law, in French Law or in foreign and supra-national Law having a direct influence, so that one can understand what results in nation law.

It is composed of doctrinal documents (books and articles), legislative or regulatory texts applicable in France and other countries (and, where applicable, draft laws or regulations), as well as documents of gray literature .

It may be relevant to cross this bibliography with the broader Bibliography on the General Regulation Law, or with the more focused Bibliography on the Law of Banking and Financial Regulation.

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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Comment s’adapter au contentieux émergent de la compliance" ("How to adapt to Emerging Compliance Litigation"), in , Association nationale des juristes de banque (ANJB), September 19, 2024, Paris,

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This conference is being held with another speaker, Maître Jean-Pierre Picca.

It is followed by a discussion with the audience.

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🧮see the full programme of this manifestation

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► English Summary of this conference: Compliance Law is a new branch of Law, teleological in nature, whose legal normativity is rooted in its goals.These are systemic goals of preserving systems by detecting the risks that weaken them and preventing the failures that can destroy them. It is therefore an Ex Ante branch of Law, the implementation of which will weigh on the "entities" in a position to detect risks and prevent failures so that these systemic goals are achieved.  As such, they are "Monumental Goals" in that they are political goals aimed at complete systems. It is therefore essential to distinguish between "conformity Law", which simply consists of "complying" with the applicable regulations, and Compliance Law, which consists of contributing to the achievement of these "Monumental Goals", either by force (legal obligation) or by choice (raison d'être, company with mission, contractual obligation, CSR). In this respect, Compliance Law is both much more limited in its aims and much more ambitious, since it is about building the future rather than mechanically complying with regulations.

The banking sector, which can be considered an exception to the principle of Competition, which is based on extreme mobility and the absence of rents, the destruction of the weakest, risk-taking, the lack of solidity of the operator posing no problem, appears to be the paragon of the principle of Compliance, which is based on the sustainability of systems ensured by the solidity of the operators themselves, their solidarity, the exchange of information, and integrated supervisors. For example, the duty of vigilance and the information about others, and the Regulation through Supervision were born in this sector, which has internalised this sectoral concern in the banks, itself the bearer of a general concern, particularly in the European conception of continental banking. the European Banking Union  increasing this concern.

As a result, banks will internalise concerns about the future that go beyond safeguarding the banking sector, such as preventing systemic climate risk or educating the population or safeguarding people in vulnerable situations.

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The litigation that shall ensue is itself highly specific. The topic of this conference is to provide the keys to understanding how banks must play their part.

Emerging Compliance Litigation is systemic in nature. It is a reflection of the Ex Ante organisation whereby entities are asked to make a contribution to the achievement of Monumental Goals. In a dispute between two opposing parties, an individual or an NGO or a trade union or a municipality or a State and a bank, a conflict arises between what might be called the party claiming to represent the present and future interests of a system, for example the climate system or the social relations system, and the bank which has a legally imposed "compliance obligation" to help protect this system.

The author who described this perfectly was Chaïm Perelman, particularly in his 1978 book, Logique juridique, which describes audience circles.

We need to understand the systemic construction of the judicial instance.

The bank must not let to be confined itself solely to its role as litigant, while the other party, for example an NGO, in its role as guardian of "civil society" or the "climate system" or the "effective equality between human beings", going beyond this first circle between the litigans and brings the system itself into the proceedings. 

This is where the adaptation has to take place. 

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This adaptation is procedural, evidentiary and substantive.

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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, General Procedural Law, prototype of Compliance Obligation, Working Paper, 2023-2024.

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🎤 This working paper was drawn up as a basis for the presentation "Droit de la Compliance et Droit processuel" ("Compliance Law and General Procedural Law") at the colloquium on 13 June 2023, , and then completed for publication.

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📝It is therefore also the basis for the written contribution, "The General Procedural Obligation, prototype of the Compliance Obligation", in the book to be published Compliance Obligation

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► Working Paper summary: Thoughts are beginning to be available to describe the relationships to be built between General Procedural Law and Compliance Obligation, if only to explain the Emerging Systemic Litigation in compliance matters, Compliance Law becoming jurisdictionalised. But this does not tell us anything specific, because everything that is caught up in a lawsuit is therefore mixed up with General Procedural Law.

It would even appear that, at first sight, Compliance Law does not give rise to any procedural obligations, since it is designed to be developed on an Ex-Ante basis, avoiding the judge for the enterprise, compliance by design being intended to perfect this alleviation, the presence of judicial proceedings being a failure in itself and because of the delays and uncertainties which are inherently associated with them. It is often in the hope of being protected from legal action that enterprises claim to be able to 'be conform' with all regulations, at all times, in all places, through all the people for whom they are responsible. This is obviously impossible. If it were, enterprises would be condemned in advance in all possible legal proceedings, their sanctions being demanded by everyone, public prosecutor or private prosecutor. But this is to make a grave confusion between Compliance Law with 'conformity', which is merely a tool of this new branch of the Law. 

Nor is it enough to say that the rights of the defence and access to the courts must be respected, which no one denies or should not deny.

The purpose of this study is more to measure how Litigation relating to Compliance Law, i.e. the Obligation on large enterprises to participate in the achievement of Monumental Goals in alliance with the state authorities, of which the duty of vigilance is the most advanced, is transformed, creating not only new procedural obligations but also a new type of Obligation on the part of both parties.

But for the moment we reluctantly accept the procedural logic, notably the presence of judges and not just prosecuting bodies (public prosecutors and colleges of regulatory and supervisory authorities), and lawyers in defence and not just in negotiation, in order to respect the Rule of Law principle, as a sort of tribute paid, a dose of inefficiency in efficacy system. This sets the disciplines against each other, in this case Law on the one hand, Economics and Management on the other. More often than not, we leave it at that, either to admit it and strike a balance, or to regret it and wait to see which logic will prevail, between procedural rights and obligations on the one hand and compliance rights and obligations on the other.

On the contrary, we must reject this logic of communicating vessels.

Indeed, Compliance Law is an extension of Regulation Law; Regulatory Law, which extends beyond sectors and borders, and whose normativity is anchored in the Monumental Goals set by political and public authorities, which aim to ensure that in the future systems do not collapse, or even improve, so that the human beings who depend on them are not crushed by them but, on the contrary, benefit from them.

The result is "Systemic Compliance Litigation", which gives rise to specific procedural principles. First of all, it is important to clarify what a "Systemic Case" is, a concept proposed in 2021, and to which the cases that are now being brought before the courts correspond. The specific nature of these Emerging Systemic Compliance Litigation, disputes which are objective disputes, similar to administrative cases, which fully justifies the presence of the public prosecutor and raises the question of whether there would be a 'natural judge' for these systemic compliance disputes, have major procedural consequences, in particular on procedural rights and obligations: in particular the right to be a party to the proceedings, even if you are a party to the dispute, which is the case for the stakeholders.

The result is a new alliance between Compliance Obligation and General Procedural Law, which gives rise to a Compliance Obligations of a procedural nature within Compliance Law itself. It is no longer necessary to divide Ex-Ante and Ex-Post, but to borrow compliance principles and insert them into jurisdictional procedures, as envisaged by Justice François Ancel (moving from Ex Ante to Ex Post), while it is necessary to insert procedural principles into Compliance Obligations within enterprises (moving from Ex-Post to Ex-Ante), as shown in the book on Compliance Jurisdictionalisation. This is particularly illustrated in relation to the Duty of Vigilance / corporate sustainability due diligence.

This is particularly relevant in relation to three general procedural obligations which must henceforth structure the compliance obligations in the behaviour of the enterprises and parties concerned, even independently of any legal proceedings requirements, since the judge may be called upon to verify their fulfillment on both sides and to encourage them, which gives rise to an Ex-Ante office of the judge: the obligation to discuss (adversarial principle), the obligation to provide information (evidentiary system) and the obligation to demonstrate (principle of the motivation).

In this development, not only is the procedural obligation to provide access, to organise remedies, to listen to the other party - a procedural obligation which can be reciprocal, especially when it involves listening to the other party and taking into account what they say, a trace of which must be found in the reasons given (for example for the vigilance programs) - the procedural obligation then finds its profound nature: to be the prototype of the Obligation of Compliance.

This alliance changes both Compliance Law and General Procedural Law, since it more broadly changes the office of the judge, who must ensure the effectiveness of these procedural obligations in a continuum between Ex-Post and Ex-Ante. But this question of the office of the judge is the subject of a separate contribution in this book.

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🔓read the developments below⤵️

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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Synthèse" ("Synthesis"), in Concurrence : les enjeux de la Compliance​, May 24, 2024, Paris, Collège européen de Paris, Paris Panthéon-Assas University, 28 rue Saint-Guillaume

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🧮see the full programme of this event (in French): 

🌐read the  la newsletter MAFR Law, Compliance, Regulation on 26 Mai 2024 about this colloquium and this synthesis (in English)

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► Summary of this concluding conference:The conference was based on the 'framework document' on conformity programmes published by the French Competition Authority, the Autorité de la concurrence, on 24 May 2022 and focused on one of the tools used, namely risk mapping. The care taken to bring together academics whose job it is to give an account of reality by classifying and naming it, which makes it easier to handle, and people who every day in enterprises find solutions to anticipate difficulties so that they can be resolved, or even prevented from arising, has borne fruit.

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From all the presentations and discussions, 4 perspectives emerge, each showing what has been achieved, what may still emerge in interaction with all the other mechanisms in Compliance Law that incorporate risk mapping (for instance ,the French 2016 so-called "Sapin 2" law, the French 2017 so-called "Vigilance" law, the CS3D European directive, etc.) and the other mechanisms that are correlated with risk mapping (audit, internal investigations, evidence likely to be raised before a judge by the enterprise and/or by a stakeholder and what remains uncertain in this 2022 framework document.

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The first perspective is the basis of these recommendations, encouragement, methods, advice, etc.

The second perspective is the means developed to establish and implement these compliance programmes.

The third perspective is the scope of this framework document, which also depends to a large extent on the scope of the compliance programmes adopted by the firms themselves.

The fourth perspective is that of the subjects of law who are obliged, or who benefit from the adoption of such  compliance programmes in Competition Law.

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During this conclusion, based solely on what each speaker had to say, I continued my reflections in each of these 4 directions.

This reminded me of some of my work made in English on this subject: 

• M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📘Compliance Tools, ,2022

• M.-A. Frison-Roche, 🚧 Support from Compliance Law for day-to-day management of Competition Law, 2021

• M.-A. Frison-Roche, 🚧 Competition Law and Compliance Law, 2018

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► Référence complète : N. Monnerie, La compliance. De son apparition américaine à son appréhension européenne, Dalloz, coll. "Nouvelle Bibliothèque de Thèses", vol. 237, 2024, 500 p.

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📗lire la 4ième de couverture

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📗lire le sommaire de l'ouvrage

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📗lire la table des matières de l'ouvrage

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► Résumé de l'ouvrage (fait par l'éditeur) : "Cette recherche est consacrée à l'émergence de la compliance dans la sphère juridique. À ce titre, elle constitue une des premières études transversales sur cette nouvelle notion.

Appliquée à l'encadrement du comportement des grandes sociétés, la compliance effraie tant qu'elle fascine, alors qu'elle a parfois été considérée comme un phénomène non juridique, une régulation hors du droit. L'intuition émaillant cet ouvrage soutient que la notion de compliance désigne un instrument juridique uniforme et fonctionnel. Enjeu majeur des entreprises et des organisations de tous secteurs, la compliance étend de plus en plus son champ et sa complexité. La mise en place d'un système de compliance efficace est un défi pour de nombreuses entreprises, qui doivent concilier exigences légales et réglementaires avec les contraintes opérationnelles et les objectifs économiques des sociétés. De leur côté, les États sont également confrontés à cet instrument au travers des sanctions prononcées par les autorités étrangères à l'encontre de sociétés domestiques.

L'ambition de cet ouvrage est de systématiser le processus de la compliance, d'analyser son incidence sur l'encadrement des sociétés, tout en appréciant l'opportunité de sa transplantation hors des États-Unis.

Une approche macro-comparative et historique démontre comment la compliance a fini par devenir un instrument permettant à l'État américain de déléguer le contrôle de l'application des normes substantielles. D'un instrument au service de la gestion du risque des sociétés, elle a fini par devenir un standard axé sur la prévention et la coopération. L'étude de l'exportation de la compliance révèle, au moyen de micro-comparaisons, que son arrivée en Europe résulte de l'application extraterritoriale du droit américain. Tout en démontrant qu'après avoir rejeté cette pratique, certains États ont décidé de recourir à une transplantation légale afin d'intégrer cet instrument dans leur ordre juridique.

L'ouvrage conclu en dressant plusieurs pistes de réflexion adressée aux autorités législatives afin de les aider à appréhender les difficultés inhérentes à la transplantation de la compliance.".

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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Compliance et conformité : les distinguer pour les articuler" ("Compliance and conformity: distinguish them in order to articulate them"), D. 2024, chron., pp. 497-499

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📝read the article (in French)

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🚧read the bilingual Working Paper which is the basis of this article, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks

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► English Summary of the article: "Compliance" and "conformité" ("conformity") are sometimes presented as synonyms, with "conformité" simply being the translation of "compliance". On the contrary, they are two opposing concepts. "Conformity" refers to the obligation to obey all applicable regulations, regardless of their content. A godsend for the regulator... Compliance Law is quite different! Political and public authorities set systemic 'Monumental Goals' to ensure that systems do not collapse tomorrow, or even improve, and then entrust large companies with the task of activating the means to achieve these goals. Conformity then resumes its place in Compliance Law: being one of its tools.

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📚read the other articles published in this chronique of Compliance Law published in the Recueil Dalloz

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► Référence complète : C. Granier, "La direction des banques au prisme de la compliance", in A. Maymont (dir.) dossier "Le banquier face à la compliance", RD bancaire et fin., n° 2, mars-avril 2024, dossier 11

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► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteure) : "Incontestable en matière bancaire, le développement de la compliance affecte la direction des banques. Elle pèse en premier lieu sur les organes dirigeants qui voient leur liberté d’organisation restreinte et leur charge alourdie, puisque celle-ci intègre désormais des préoccupations relevant de la compliance. En second lieu, les personnes physiques qui occupent des fonctions de direction sont également affectées du fait d’un alourdissement de leur responsabilité et de la nécessité de satisfaire à des exigences de nature personnelle.".

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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche

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► Référence complète : Th. Bonneau, "La construction d’un modèle de compliance européenne au sein du système bancaire et financier", in A. Maymont (dir.) dossier "Le banquier face à la compliance", RD bancaire et fin., n° 2, mars-avril 2024, dossier 8

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► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteur) : "Le modèle de la compliance européenne au sein du système bancaire et financier comporte trois dimensions. La première est éthique alors que les deux autres sont les dimensions préventive et procédurale.".

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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche

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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, Compliance and conformity: distinguishing them to articulate them, Working Paper, February 2024.

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📝 this working paper was drawn up to serve as a basis for the article published in French in the Chronique MAFR -  Compliance Law, published in the Recueil Dalloz.  

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► Summary of this Working Paper: The words "conformité" and "compliance" are sometimes used interchangeably, presenting "conformité" as the translation into good legal French vocabulary of "compliance", which would come from the American system. This is not true, however, because each of these terms refers to two distinct and even opposing concepts. 

"conformity"' would require companies to show that they are actively obeying all the 'regulations' applicable to them, regardless of their content. "Compliance Law" is a new substantial branch of Law that derives its normativity from the "Monumental Goals" targeted by the political and public authorities: these monumental goals are intended to ensure that systems do not collapse in the future (Negative Monumental Goals), or even improve (Positive Monumental Goals). The systems concerned are banking, finance, energy, health, transport, digital and climate systems. The scope of Compliance Law is therefore both much more limited and more ambitious.

Distinguishing between the two allows us to put conformity back where it belongs, as a tool of Compliance Law. As such, conformity justifies the collation and correlation of information, with the algorithmic system playing a major role in this. On the other hand, the human concern that underpins Compliance Law justifies making training and the actions of in-house lawyers, attorneys and judges, central to it. The evidentiary system of Compliance that is currently being developed is based on evidentiary techniques rooted on the one hand in the tool of conformity and on the other in the culture of Compliance, which can be articulated as soon as they are no longer confused.

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🔓read the working paper below⤵️

► Référence complète : Ch. Lapp, "L’usage par les entreprises des outils de la compliance (d’une façon non-mécanique)", entretien mené par M.-A. Frison-Roche à l'occasion d'une série d'entretiens sur le Droit de la Compliance, in Fenêtres ouvertes sur la gestion, émission de J.-Ph. Denis, Xerfi Canal, enregistré le 12 décembre 2023, diffusé le 3 février 2024

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🌐consulter sur LinkedIn la présentation de l'interview de Christophe Lapp

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🌐consulter sur LinkedIn le compte-rendu de l'interview de Christophe Lapp  

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🎥visionner l'interview complète sur Xerfi Canal

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► Point de départ : En 2023 Christophe Lapp écrit une contribution sur 📝La compliance dans l'entreprise : les statuts du process, dans 📕La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance.

🧱lire la présentation de cette contribution ➡️cliquerICI

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► Résumé de l'entretien : 

Marie-Anne Frison-Roche. Question : Dans votre article vous affirmez qu’« il faut dépasser la conformité pour aller vers la Compliance », pouvez-vous nous en dire plus ?

Christophe Lapp. Réponse : Il répond que

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MaFR. Q. : On dit souvent que la Compliance est perçue comme une perte de compétitivité. Quel est votre point de vue de praticien international ?

Ch.L. R. : Il répond que

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MaFR. Q : Certaines entreprises s’interrogent sur l’over compliance ; que leur répondre ?

Ch.L. R.: Il répond que

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► Référence complète : E. Dupic, "La compliance en entreprise : quels enjeux en 2023 ?", Gazette du Palais, n° 15, 9 mai 2023, p. 9-11.

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► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteur) : Les entreprises sont contraintes par un ensemble de normes légales et réglementaires qui les conduisent à déployer un dispositif interne de compliance, adapté à leur business, pour répondre aux exigences des régulateurs français et étrangers : règlement général de protection des données (RGPD), loi dite Sapin II, devoir de vigilance et statut du lanceur d’alerte constituent autant de défis à relever en 2023.

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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche

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► Référence complète : L.-M. Augagneur, "Les aspects relatifs à la circulation des données dans les programmes de conformité en droit de la concurrence", in J.-Ch. Roda (dir.), Compliance et droit de la concurrence : nouveaux défis, nouveaux enjeux, Revue internationale de la compliance et de l'éthique des affaires, n° 3, juin 2020, étude 111, pp. 21-25.

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► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteur) : "The risk assessment of antitrust practices involving datas could be uncertain in consideration of the increasing production and circulation of datas, their algorithmic use, and the intricate operation of the concerned markets. Far from being limited to a standard system or technology solutionism, relevant compliance programs should rely on the own advocacy policy of the firm. This policy can be designed by identifying competition key factors and habits implemented throughout the data’s life cycle." (traduction libre : "L'évaluation des risques liés aux pratiques antitrust impliquant des données pourrait être incertaine compte tenu de la production et de la circulation croissantes des données, de leur utilisation algorithmique et du fonctionnement complexe des marchés concernés. Loin de se limiter à un système standard ou à un solutionnisme technologique, les programmes de conformité pertinents devraient s'appuyer sur la politique de défense des intérêts de l'entreprise. Cette politique peut être conçue en identifiant les facteurs clés de la concurrence et les habitudes mises en œuvre tout au long du cycle de vie des données.")

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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche

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► Référence complète : J.-Ch. Roda, "Compliance et antitrust. Le discours de la méthode", in J.-Ch. Roda (dir.), Compliance et droit de la concurrence : nouveaux défis, nouveaux enjeux, Revue internationale de la compliance et de l'éthique des affaires, n° 3, juin 2020, étude 109, pp. 11-15.

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► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteur) : "The discourses of the competition authorities are essential for the dissemination of the compliance culture. Their comparative analysis reveals significant divergences that may explain the differences in compliance adherence." (traduction libre : "Les discours des autorités de concurrence sont essentiels pour la diffusion d'une culture de compliance. Leur analyse comparative révèle des divergences significatives, qui peuvent expliquer les différences d'adhésion à la compliance.")

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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche

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This interview was conducted in French with Olivia Dufour, for an article published in French in the digital publication Actualité Juridique.

Its subject is  the confrontation between the current health crisis situation and the Compliance Law. 

Summary. After defining Compliance Law, distinguishing the procedural and poor definition and the substantial and rich definition, the starting point is to admit the aporia: the type of health crisis caused by Covid-19 will be renewed and it is imperative to prevent it, even to manage it, then to organize the crisis exit. Public Authorities are legitimate to do so, but because this type of crisis being global and the State being consubstantially linked to borders, States are hardly powerful. Their traditional International Law shows their  limits in this current crisis and one cannot hope that this configulration will improve radically.

In contrast, some companies and markets, notably the financial markets, are global. But the markets are not legitimate to carry out such missions and counting on the generosity of certain large companies is far too fragile in front of the "monumental goal" that is the prevention of the next health crisis, crisis which must never happen.

How to get out of this aporia?

By Compliance Law, basis of, in a literal and strong sense, the "Law of the Future". 

We need to be inspired by the Banking and Financial Compliance Law. Designed in the United States after the 1929 crisis to tend towards the "monumental goal" of the absence of a new devastating crisis in the country and the world,  this set of new legal mechanisms gave duty and power of supervision, regulation and compliance to market authorities and central bankers. These are independent of governments but in constant contact with them. Today, they claim to have as first priority the fight against climate change. Now and for the future, they must also be given the responsibility and the powers to prevent a global health disaster, similar to a global ecological disaster, similar to a global financial disaster. This does not require a modification of the texts because their mandate consists in fighting instability. Stability must become a primary legal principle, of which the fight against monetary instability was only a first example. By the new use that central banks must make of it by preventing and managing health crises, Compliance Law will ensure that the future will be not catastrophic.

En matière de Compliance, il y a deux sujets à la fois très importants et très incertains : celui de l'admission ou non des technologies de reconnaissance faciale ; celui de la forme et et de la place du "consentement" quelque soit la technique de captation, conservation et utilisation de l'information. 

Le cas soumis à l'Autorité suédoise de protection des données (Datainspecktionen) et rapporté par la presse, croise les deux. 

I. LE CAS

Une école suédoise doit en application de la loi nationale faire l'appel de chaque élève à chaque cours. Une Ecole supérieur a calculé que cette tâche, qui incombe donc à chaque enseignant en début de cours, représente un nombre d'heures important, qui pourrait être mieux utilisées par ceux-ci. Elle demande donc à une entreprise de technologie, Tieto, de développer pour elle des technologies qui redonnent aux enseignants leur temps. 

L'entreprise Tieto conçoit un programme pilote, comprenant un procédé de reconnaissance faciale par la pupille de l'oeil, comptant ainsi les élèves présents. Les 21 élèves qui suivent le programme pilote apportent leur consentement express pour l'ensemble des technologies utilisées, notamment celle-ci.

Mais en février 2019 l'Autorité suédoise de surveillance, d'inspection et de protection des données poursuit l'entreprise qui a fourni cette technologie et l'école qui en a bénéficié pour violation du Réglement européen dit "RGPD".

L'école se prévaut du consentement libre et éclairé qui lui a été apporté par les élèves, tandis que le fournisseur de la technologie justifie l'usage de celle-ci par le fait qu'ainsi l'équivalent de 10 emplois à plein temps sont annuellement économisés pour des tâches mécaniques. 

II. LA SOLUTION

Ces moyens n'ont pas convaincu l'Autorité.

Sur la question de l'efficacité du procédé, il ne semble pas même y être répondu, car tous ces mécanismes sont à l'évidence performants, car la protection des personnes est sans conteste coûteuse.

Mais sur la question du consentement, il est mentionné que le moyen tiré du consentement des élèves n'est pas retenu en raison du fait qu'ils n'étaient pas autonomes de l'établissemnt bénéficiaire de la technique de reconnaissance et qu'à ce titre le consentement n'avait donc pas de portée.

L'usage de cette technique est donc interdicte. 

Mais l'Autorité ne se contente pas d'une interdiction. Elle indique qu'il convient, puisque les opérateurs en sont encore au stade d'un programme pilote d'ensemble de trouver ce que l'Autorité appelle un mode de contrôle des présences "moins intrusifs", car c'est en tant que l'ensemble prenait les élèves dans leur environnement toute la journée que cela n'était pas admissible. 

III. LA PORTEE

Ce n'est pas donc une décision de principe.

C'est plutôt une décision d'espèce, en raison des circonstances qui vont que d'une part le consentement ne traduisait pas une volonté libre. Si les élèves n'avaient pas été ce que l'Autorité appelle la "dépendance" de l'établissement, alors sans doute leur acceptation de ces contrôles aurait eu de la portée.

S'il faut trouver un principe, il est par déduction celui-ci : le "consentement" n'est pas une notion autonome, suffisant à elle-seule à valider les technologies au regard du RGPD. Ce n'est qu'en tant qu'elle traduit une "volonté libre" que le "consentement" a pour effet de soumettre la personne qui l'émet à une technologie qui pourtant la menace autant qu'elle la sert. 

C'est bien ce lien entre "consentement" et "volonté" que le RGPD veut garantir. C'est bien ce lien - de nature probatoire -, le consentement devant être la preuve d'une volonté libre, que le dispositif de Droit de la Compliance veut protéger. 

Dès lors, si l'émetteur du consentement est dans une situation de dépendance par rapport à l'entité qui bénéficie de la technologie (par exemple et en l'espèce l'école qui fait des économies grâce à la technologie, sans que cela n'apporte rien à l'élève), la présomption comme quoi son consentement est la preuve d'une volonté libre est brisé : c'est pourquoi le consentement ne peut plus valider l'usage de la technologie. 

Sur la question du rapport entre le "consentement" et la "volonté" : v. Frison-Roche, M.-A., Oui au principe de la volonté, manifestation de la liberté, non aux consentements mécaniques, 2019.

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► Full Reference: J.-Cl. Marin, "Quels outils pour la construction du droit de la compliance en Europe ?" ("What tools are needed to build Compliance Law in Europe?"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Pour une Europe de la Compliance, series "Régulations & Compliance", Dalloz, 2019, p. 67-72.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Pour une Europe de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): 

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🦉This article is available in full text to those registered for Professor Marie-Anne Frison-Roche's courses

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► Full Reference: M. Canto-Sperber, "La compliance et les définitions traditionnelles de la vertu" ("Compliance and traditional definitions of virtue"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Pour une Europe de la Compliance, series "Régulations & Compliance", Dalloz, 2019, p. 73-77.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Pour une Europe de la Compliance, in which this article is published

____

► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): 

____

🦉This article is available in full text to those registered for Professor Marie-Anne Frison-Roche's courses

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► Full Reference: D. Martin, "Les contraintes et les vertus de la compliance" ("The constraints and virtues of Compliance"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Pour une Europe de la Compliance, series "Régulations & Compliance", Dalloz, 2019, p. 107-118.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Pour une Europe de la Compliance, in which this article is published

____

► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): 

____

🦉This article is available in full text to those registered for Professor Marie-Anne Frison-Roche's courses

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► Full Reference: P. Sellal, "Les vertus de la compliance : une réponse possible aux faiblesses de l'Union européenne ?" ("The virtues of compliance: a possible response to the European Union's weaknesses?"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Pour une Europe de la Compliance, series "Régulations & Compliance", Dalloz, 2019, p. 53-59.

____

📕read a general presentation of the book, Pour une Europe de la Compliance, in which this article is published

____

► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): 

____

🦉This article is available in full text to those registered for Professor Marie-Anne Frison-Roche's courses

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► Full Reference : K. Lenaerts, "Le juge de l'Union européenne dans une Europe de la Compliance" ("The Judge of the European Union in the Europe of the Compliance"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Pour une Europe de la Compliance, series "Régulations & Compliance", Dalloz, 2019, p.1-12.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, Pour une Europe de la Compliance, in which this article is published

____

► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): 

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🦉This article is available in full text to those registered for Professor Marie-Anne Frison-Roche's courses

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► Full Reference: P. Vimont, "La place de la diplomatie dans l'avancée d'une Europe de la compliance" ("The role of diplomacy in advancing the Europe of the Compliance"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Pour une Europe de la Compliance, series "Régulations & Compliance", Dalloz, 2019, p. 49-52.

____

📕read a general presentation of the book, Pour une Europe de la Compliance, in which this article is published

____

► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): 

____

🦉This article is available in full text to those registered for Professor Marie-Anne Frison-Roche's courses

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