Sept. 5, 2025
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Obligation sur Obligation vaut" (....), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), L'Obligation de Compliance, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", 2025, forthcoming.
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📝read the article
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🚧read the bilingual Working Paper on the basis this article has been written, with more developments, technical references and hyperlinks
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📕read the general presentation of the book, L'Obligation de Compliance, in which this article is published
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► English Summary of this contribution: The demonstration of the part played by Will in the Compliance Obligation incumbent on companies is based on the distinction and articulation between the Regulatory Legal Obligation and the spontaneous Obligation of companies, in the use that companies make of their will to implement their Regulatory Legal Obligation and the use that they make of it to produce even new ambitions. This is why the demonstration is carried out in 3 stages.
The first part of the demonstration consists in finding the part played by the free will of companies in their Compliance Obligation by putting an end to two confusions: the first, which, within the Contract and Tort Law itself but also within Compliance Law, splits up and confuses "free will" and "consent", which would no longer require freely expressed acceptance; the second, which, specific to Compliance Law, confuses "Compliance" and "conformity", reducing the former to mechanical obedience, which would exclude any free will.
Having clarified this, the rest of this study focuses on the 2 ways in which a company subject to a Compliance Obligation by regulations expresses a part of its free will, which the study expresses in this proposed adage: Obligation upon Obligation is valid, since the regulatory legal obligation to which the company responds by the obedience owed by all those subject to the Law may be superimposed by its free will, which will then oblige it.
The first case of Obligation upon Obligation, studied in a second part, concerns the means by which the Regulatory Legal Compliance Obligation is implemented, the company subject to the Monumental Goals set by the Law remaining free to choose the means by which it will contribute to achieving them. Its free will will thus be exercised over the choice and implementation of the means. This can take two legal forms: contracts on the one hand and "commitments" on the other.
Thirdly, the second case of Obligation upon Obligation, which is more radical, is that in which, in addition to Compliance's regulatory legal Obligation, the company draws on its free will to repeat the terms of its regulatory legal Obligation (because it is prohibited from contradicting it), a repetition which can be far-reaching, because the legal nature (and therefore the legal regime) is changed. The judgment handed down by the The Hague Court of Appeal on 12 November 2024, in the case law Shell, illustrates this. What is more, the free will of the company can play its part in the Compliance Obligation by increasing the Compliance Obligation. This is where the alliance is strongest. The interpretation of the specific obligations that result must remain that of the Monumental Goals in a teleological application that gives coherence to the whole.
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April 30, 2025
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Compliance, Vigilance et Responsabilité civile : mettre en ordre et raison garder" (Compliance, Vigilance and Civil Liability: put in Order and keep the sense of Reason), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), L'Obligation de Compliance, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Lefebvre-Dalloz, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", 2025, forthcoming
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📝read the article (in French)
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🚧read the bilingual Working Paper on which this article is based, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks
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📕real the general presentation of the book, L'Obligation de Compliance, in which this article is published
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► English summary of this article: The descriptions of the Liability incurred by large companies as a result of their compliance obligations are very diverse, even contradictory, going beyond the wishes that may be expressed as to what this liability should be. The first part of this study therefore sets out the various liabilities incurred by companies, which differ in the conditions under which they are implemented and in their scope, so as not to confuse them.
Indeed, as the various laws establish specific legal compliance obligations, they give rise to liabilities of varying conditions and scope, and it is not possible to avail of the regime of one in a situation that falls within the scope of another. It is therefore necessary to review the various bodies of compliance legislation, the GDPR, the ALM-FT regulations, the French so-called Sapin 2 law, the French so-called Vigilance law , the European IA Act , the European European DGA Act, etc., to recall the inflexion that each of these bodies of legislation has made to the liability rules applied to the companies subject to them. Nevertheless, the unicity of the Compliance Obligation, overcoming this necessary diversity of situations, regulations and liability regimes, can provide grouping lines to indicate beyond this diversity the extent of the liability incurred by companies.
Once this classification has been made, the second part of the study develops the observation that none of this can create any principle of general liability on large companies in terms of compliance, and in particular not in terms of vigilance. It is not possible to deduce a general principle of specific obligations of liability or specific obligations to reparation, for example in the area of vigilance, as the texts creating specific vigilance obligation refer to the conditions of commun Tort Law (proof damage and causality), and International Public Law does not have the force to generate a general principle binding companies in this respect.
The third part stresses that it is nevertheless always possible to invoke Tort Law, and companies cannot claim to escape this. This may involve contractual liability, a situation becoming increasingly frequent as companies contractualise their legal compliance obligations, reproducing them but also modifying them, and as Vigilance duty is an obligation that goes beyond the specific situations covered by the regulations.
But it is essential, and this is the subject of the fourth part, not to make companies pure and simple guarantors of the state of the world, present and future. Indeed, if we were to transform sectoral compliances into illustrations of what would then be a new general principle, but one that applied only to them, they would consequently exercise the other side of this coin, namely power over others.
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Updated: March 5, 2025 (Initial publication: June 13, 2023)
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, The role of will in the Compliance Obligation: Obligation upon Obligation is valid and useful, Working Paper, June 2023.
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🎤 This working paper was originally drawn up as a basis for the talk, Obligation on Obligation is worth, on the first day of the conference I co-organised:🧮Compliance : Obligation, devoir, pouvoir, culture (Compliance: Obligation, duty, power, culture), on 13 June 2023.
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It was subsequently used as the basis for a forthcoming article:
📝La part de la volonté dans l’obligation de compliance : Obligation sur Obligation vaut".
in📕L'obligation de compliance, in the collection 📚Régulations & Compliance
📝The role of will in the Compliance Obligation: Obligation upon Obligation is valid and useful,
in📘Compliance Obligation, in the collection 📚Compliance & Regulation
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► Summary of this Working Paper: The demonstration of the part played by the entreprises' Will in the Compliance Obligation incumbent on them is carried out in 3 stages.
The first stage of the demonstration consists in finding the part played by the free will of companies in their Compliance Obligation by putting an end to two confusions: the first which, within the Law of Contract and Tort itself but also within Compliance Law, splits and confuses "free will" and "consent", which would no longer require freely expressed acceptance; the second, specific to Compliance Law, which confuses "Compliance" and "conformity", reducing the former to mechanical obedience which could exclude any free Will.
Having clarified this, the rest of the study focuses on the 2 ways in which a company subject to a Compliance Obligation by compulsory regulations expresses a part of its free Will, which the study expresses in this proposed adage: Obligation upon Obligation is valid, since the legal obligation to which the company responds by the obedience owed by all those subject to the regulations may be superimposed by its free Will, which will then oblige it.
The first case of Obligation upon Obligation, studied in a second part, concerns the means by which the compulsory Compliance Obligation is implemented, the company subject to the Monumental Goals set by the Legislator remaining free to choose the means by which the company will contribute to achieving them. Its free Will will thus be exercised over the choice and implementation of the means. This can take two legal forms: Contracts on the one hand and "Commitments" on the other.
In the third part, the second case of Obligation upon Obligation, which is more radical, is that in which, in addition to Compliance's legal compulsory Obligation, the company draws on its free Will to repeat the terms of its legal Obligation (because it is prohibited from contradicting it), a repetition which can be far-reaching, because the legal nature (and therefore the legal regime) is changed. The judgment handed down by the The Hague Court of Appeal on 12 November 2024, in the so-called Shell case, illustrates this. What is more, the company's free Will can play its part in the Compliance Obligation by increasing the legal Obligation. This is where the alliance is strongest. The interpretation of the specific and diverses obligations that result must remain that of the Monumental Goals in a teleological application that gives coherence to the whole.
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🔓read the developments below⤵️
Feb. 21, 2025
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "La clé de la proportionnalité pour établir l’équilibre des obligations, pouvoirs et droits - Exemple de l’inclusion technique assurée par les opérateurs des noms de domaine" (The key to proportionality in balancing obligations, powers and rights - Example of technical inclusion by domain name operators), in M.-A. Frison-Roche et G. Loiseau (dir.), Durabilité de l'Internet : le rôle des opérateurs du système des noms de domaine (Sustainability of the Internet: the role of the operators of the domain name system. Compliance and regulation of the digital space). Compliance et régulation de l'espace numérique, 21 février 2025, organisé par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance et l'Institut de la Recherche en Droit de la Sorbonne (André Tunc - IRDJS), 12 place du Panthéon, Paris.
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🧮see the full programme of this colloquium (in French)
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► Summary of this conference: The domain name operators operate in a liberal system and have internalised the tasks being technically inherent in the very architecture of the Internet, while the Public Authorities, because they recognise this nature, ensure in Ex Ante that there are no global failures.
This translates into a system of obligations. All the more so since domain name operators not only bear multiple obligations but also, by order of the laws and regulations, impose them on others, for example on their co-contractors and users.
It is from this perspective that the Principle of Proportionality, which is central here, must be considered. It is another expression of the legal Principle of Necessity, which must be conceived in terms of goals: what is proportionate is what is necessary to achieve the objective with regard to which the duties and prerogatives are entrusted and/or exercised. This is why it is first necessary to recall and explain what the Principle of Proportionality is with regard to the operators obligations covered by Compliance Law, which goes beyond jurisdictional powers such as sanctions or dispute resolution, to explain the teleological control of obligations and powers (I).
From this practical framework, the most relevant example is the technical obligation of inclusion (II) In the technical sense, Inclusion means that anyone who wants to enter the digital space must be able to do so and must be able to reach those who are there and be reached by others. This gives everyone the right to reach and be reached.
Is it possible to go further and ask for comfort for everyone and equality in this comfort and advantages to rebalance this accessibility? For instance, to know everything about everyone beyond this simple digital adresse? To ask domains names operators to help everyone to develop his/her personality in the digital space, compensating his/her lack of initial chance? This is social and political inclusion. It is not the same thing. It does not have the same sources. It does not follow the same paths. Not the same forces. The Sustainability that is then projected can be cumulative. A distinction has to be made on the one hand, and a link made on the other. Moreover, in the name of mistreated social inclusion, can we mistreat technical inclusion, i.e. exclude a person from the digital space? (III).
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Jan. 1, 2025
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "L’Obligation de Compliance : nouvelle Obligation, manifestation d'une nouvelle branche du Droit", in M.A. Frison-Roche (dir.), L'Obligation de Compliance, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Dalloz, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", à paraître.
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► Cet article constitue la conclusion de l'ouvrage ; il est en accès libre.
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📕consulter une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, L'Obligation de Compliance, dans lequel cet article est publié
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► Résumé de l'article : Cet article est construit en deux parties.
La première partie explique la façon dont cette "Obligation de Compliance", qui est nouvelle, est elle-même la manifestation de cette branche du Droit nouvelle qu'est le Droit de la Compliance.
En appui de cela, l'article reprend dans sa seconde partie, en reprenant la structuration même de l'ouvrage que j'avais conçue chacune des contributions et la résumant et en la resituant dans la démonstration d'ensemble.
Cet article est en accès libre⤵️
Aug. 28, 2024
Editorial responsibilities : Direction of the collection "Cours-Série Droit privé", Editions Dalloz (33)
► Référence complète : R. Cabrillac, Droit des obligations, Dalloz, coll. "Cours Dalloz-Série Droit privé", 16ième éd., 2024, 484 p.
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► Présentation de l'ouvrage : Parfaitement à jour des réformes récentes, le manuel de Rémy Cabrillac raconte en 450 pages le droit des obligations comme une matière vivante et quotidienne. Afin que cette matière demeure compréhensible, sa présentation en demeure classique, une première partie de l'ouvrage est consacré aux sources, la seconde traitant du régime.
Pour le faire, cet ouvrage désormais classique expose ainsi les actes juridiques, les quasi-contrats, la responsabilité civile extracontractuelle, puis les modalités, la circulation et l'extinction des obligations.
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📚Consulter l'ensemble de la collection dans laquelle l'ouvrage a été publié.
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📚Sont directement corrélés à cet ouvrage :
📕D. Mainguy, Contrats spéciaux
📕J.-B. Seube, Droit des suretés
📕J.-D. Pellier, Droit de la consommation
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June 19, 2024
Thesaurus : Soft Law
► Référence complète : Commission d'enquête du Sénat, Les moyens mobilisés et mobilisables par l’État pour assurer la prise en compte et le respect par le groupe TotalEnergies des obligations climatiques et des orientations de la politique étrangère de la France, juin 2024, 350 p.
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📓lire les comptes rendus des auditions
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June 13, 2023
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "L’obligation de compliance, entre volonté et consentement : obligation sur obligation vaut", in B. Deffains, M.-A. Frison-Roche et J.-B. Racine (dir.), Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Université Paris Panthéon-Assas, Compliance : Obligation, devoir, pouvoir, culture, Université Panthéon-Assas, Salle des Conseils, 13 juin 2023.
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🎤consulter la présentation de l'autre conférence faite lors de la seconde journée de ce colloque : "Compliance et Droit processuel"
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🧮Consulter le programme de cette manifestation
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► Présentation de la conférence : Le Droit des contrats noue le "consentement" et la "volonté", puisque le consentement est ce qui manifeste la volonté d'une personne, en marque la liberté et l'engagement, en constitue la trace et la preuve. En 1995, j'ai montré que le Droit économique avait distingué le consentement et la volonté, pour rendre les consentements autonomes et en faire des marchés, notamment dans le Droit de la concurrence et le Droit financier📎
Puis en rendant hommage à Pierre Godé qui avait fait sa thèse sur la volonté📎
Mais la difficulté à comprendre le système général du Droit de la Compliance vient de la confusion souvent faite entre celui-ci et ce qui n'est qu'un de ses outils : la conformité. Or, la conformité est l'obligation pour un sujet de droit, certaines entreprises de donner à voir en Ex Ante qu'elles obéissent activement à la réglementation qui leur est applicable. J'ai montré en 2016📎
Les entreprise qui sont sujets du Droit de la Compliance ne sont alors pas toutes les entreprises, ni celles qui seraient "coupables" par avance, mais celles qui "sont en position" d'atteindre les buts : les "entreprises cruciales", notion que j'ai proposée en 2006📎
Il demeure que les entreprises, qui entrent dans le commerce juridique par leur personnalité juridique, peuvent elles-aussi exprimer leur volonté et non pas seulement consentir. Elles le font non seulement dans la mise en œuvre, ce que la Volonté du Législateur leur demande, mais encore en édictant des Buts, là où se loge la normativité du Droit de la Compliance.
C'est là où l'on doit affirmer dans un nouvel adage : Obligation sur Obligation vaut.
En effet, si l'entreprise exerce sa puissance juridique non seulement sa capacité à obéir (consentement), ce qui est une puissance faible, mais encore en exerçant leur puissance pour l'effectivité, l'efficacité et l'efficience des Buts Monumentaux du Droit de la Compliance, les systèmes et les êtres humains qui y sont impliquées en sont les bénéficiaires.
C'est pourquoi dans une conception générale du "pouvoir" que j'ai dessinée pour rendre hommage à Emmanuel Gaillard qui avait consacré sa thèse à cette notion📎
Le sujet premier devient alors en théorie et en pratique l'articulation entre la Volonté du Législateur (la "réglementation" applicable) et la Volonté des entreprises cruciales. Ce point sera particulièrement développé lors de la conférence.
La dimension probatoire de la question sera plutôt développée le lendemain dans la conférence qui, dans le cadre de ce cycle portant sur L'Obligation de Compliance, portera sur Compliance et Droit processuel.
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La conférence est construite en trois temps :
III. OBLIGATION SUR OBLIGATION VAUT
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M.-A. Frison-Roche, Remarques sur la distinction....
Mettre le titre et la fiche qui donne les références de la thèse
M.-A. Frison-Roche, Oui au principe de la volonté, Non aux consentements purs, 2018.
M.-A. Frison-Roche, Le Droit de la Compliance, 2016.
M.-A. Frison-Roche, Proposition pour une notion : "l'entreprise cruciale", 2006.
M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Régulation, Supervision, Compliance, 2017.
M.-A. Frison-Roche, Concevoir le pouvoir, 2021.
June 6, 2023
Newsletter MAFR - Law, Compliance, Regulation
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Compliance : obligation, devoir, pouvoir, culture (colloque 13 et 14 juin 2023)", Newsletter MAFR Law, Compliance, Regulation, 6 juin 2023.
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📧Lire par abonnement gratuit d'autres news de la Newsletter MAFR - Law, Compliance, Regulation
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🔴 Comprendre l'Obligation de Compliance afin d'en maîtriser la pratique (colloque des 13 et 14 juin 2023 du Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC), du Centre de recherche sur la justice et le règlement des conflits (CRJ) et du Centre de recherche en économie et droit (CRED) de l'Université Paris Panthéon-Assas).
La compliance parait inmaîtrisable dans sa diversité et son ampleur et l'on doute parfois de sa juridicité.
Pour favoriser la maîtrise de cette pratique et construire le Droit de la Compliance, il est essentiel de mieux cerner l'Obligation de compliance.
C'est l'objet de ce colloque.
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📧lire l'article ⤵️
April 12, 2023
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April 4, 2023
Newsletter MAFR - Law, Compliance, Regulation
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Face aux clauses de Compliance : le Juge (colloque du 7 avril 2023)" ("Facing Compliance clauses: the Judge (symposium of 7 April 2023)"), Newsletter MAFR - Law, Compliance, Regulation, 4 April 2023.
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Compliance Law is starting to be known; mainly through two blocks:
Firstly the spectacular sanctions by which it made as its entry in Europe by the "BNPP sanction" of 2014.
🔴M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Le Droit de la Compliance, 2016
Secondly, the accumulation of tools, legal and non-legal, with which companies have equipped themselves: plans to detect and prevent breaches, internal investigations, mapping, ad hoc training, etc.
🔴M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir), 📘Compliance Tools, 2021
But what is the "compliance obligation" in the name of which these fearful and heavy sanctions are pronounced and these new and multiple tools are put in place?
We do not have a very clear idea.
That is why the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and its partner universities have chosen to focus on the topic of the Compliance Obligation in a series of symposiums held in 2023.
🔴JoRC, 🏗️L'obligation de compliance, 2023
It could be said that the company is "obliged" by Compliance because it is obliged by the Law, as Compliance would only mean obeying "regulations" (a term used to describe everything that is obligatory, from the Constitution to ethical charters, etc.). The English vocabulary "comply with" suggests this, as does the Chinese practice of Compliance. The difference would then only be the fact that the company shows its "stakeholders" that it does in fact respect all these texts that commit it.
But the practice and the jurist remember that what is sometimes considered as the heart of the Law, since Roman Law, is Obligations Law, having as its object Contract Law and Tort Law.
Yet, in practice, companies have put contracts concerning compliance everywhere, and they are relatively little studied.
🔴M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Contrat de compliance, clauses de compliance, 2023
These may be entire contracts whose very purpose is to entrust another with the task of fulfilling all or part of the compliance obligation incumbent on the company, with regard to personal data.
These may be clauses inserted in contracts with another purpose, for instance sales contracts in a value chain, where the company stipulates that the other company will also ensure compliance obligations for itself or for the other company, e.g. detect and prevent corruption, be vigilant, etc.
Contract Law has already taken on compliance in practice, especially in long-term economic transactions with an international dimension.
The judge has always been present in Obligation Law.
How is the triangle articulated: Judge - Compliance - Obligation?
The Judge has been present from the outset in the development of the Compliance Obligation through criminal liability, administrative liability and the obligation for the company to become a judge of itself, particularly through internal investigations.
🔴M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), 📘Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, 2023
The Judge is also present through Obligation Law stricto sensu, first of all through liability, which is transformed under the effect of the compliance system, which operates more in the logic of "accountability" and generates legal mechanisms of "ex ante liability".
🔴M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝La responsabilité Ex Ante, pilier du Droit de la Compliance, 2022
In contractual matters, the Judge will intervene, in particular with regard to the stipulations which, in the contracts which form the architecture of the value chains, ensure the efficacy (and no longer only the effectiveness) of the duty of vigilance.
The Judge will then intervene under the French law of 2017, known as the "Vigilance Law",
🔴M.-A. Frison-Roche, 🚧Vigilance, Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance et "Société vigilante", 2023
but also, because the Judge is the "judge of the contract", he will intervene as such.
To identify the Obligation of Compliance,
🔴M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), 📘Compliance Obligation, 2024
it is therefore necessary to analyse the way in which the Judge apprehends or should in the future apprehend contracts and compliance clauses.
That's why, in the above-mentioned cycle of symposiums, a symposium is being held on 7 April 2023. It is co-organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and the Law Faculty of Perpignan, and has been designed under the scientific direction of Walid Chaiehloudj and Marie-Anne Frison-Roche.
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Aug. 2, 2022
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, The judge, the obligation of compliance and the company. The probationary compliance system, Working Paper, August 2022.
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📝this Working paper had been made for an article:
📕 published in its French version ("Le juge, l'obligation de compliance et l'entreprise. Le système probatoire de la compliance") in the book La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, in the series 📚Régulations & Compliance
📘published in tis English version in the book Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, in the series 📚Compliance & Regulation
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► Summary of this Working Paper: To articulate the probationary system of compliance, it should first be admitted that Evidence is a general system, built on a "probationary square" functioning whatever the situation, and that it seems that Compliance Law rejects it, being incompatible with major probative principles, as soon as Compliance is defined as the obligation that companies would have to show (which is evidence) their respect for all the regulations applicable to them.
But fortunately, Compliance does not have to receive this definition. Compliance Law consists of all the principles, institutions, rules, and decisions which, in an alliance between public authorities and crucial companies, tend in a substantial way to the achievement of Monumental Goals. A branch of Ex Ante Law that protects systems and the human beings involved in them, Compliance Law aims to detect and prevent so that in the future systems will be less harmful than they would be if we do nothing, even will be better.
From this required action of companies, which requires the establishment of structures and series of behaviors, a specific probationary system emerges. It is composed firstly of specific proof objects, constituted on the one hand by the structures and on the other hand by the behaviors. Secondly, the specificity of compliance, often denounced, lies in the burden of proof, the burden of which rests on the company, but it is necessary to analyze the interference with the other branches of law, which compliance cannot have destroyed. . Thirdly, the scope of the probative issues is such that the means of proof have multiplied, according to the triptych of the effectiveness, efficiency and effectiveness expected of the compliance system itself regarding the Monumental Goals (and not the regulations). Fourthly, because Compliance Law is a branch of Ex Ante Law and the Judge is nevertheless at the center, it is logical that all efforts focus on the pre-constitution of evidence.
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🔓read the developments below ⤵️
July 4, 2022
Adventures of the Ogre Compliance
July 7, 2021
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : M. Fabre-Magnan, Droit des obligations, t. 1 : Contrat et engagement unilatéral, 6ième éd., PUF, coll. "Thémis", série "Droit", 2021, 928 p.
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📗lire le sommaire de l'ouvrage
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Nov. 27, 2019
Publications
This Working Paper served as the basis for an intervention in the conference organized in the conference cycle organized by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) on the theme: Compliance Tools, in collaboration with many university partners: this first conference is organized in collaboration with the Sciences po Economics Department and is held on November 28, 2019 at Sciences po and deals with the more specific theme of Risk mapping.
It also serves as the basis for the book edited by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Compliance Tools, which will be released in the Regulations & Compliance collection.
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Is the consideration by Law of the Risk Mapping mechanism so new?
At first glance yes, and one might even be surprised at this novelty, since this rational anticipation of risks should have been recognized for a long time. But this is perhaps due to the more general fact that Risk itself has only recently become an autonomous legal object in Economic Law, in particular because Risk does not have at all the same position in Competition Law and in Regulation Law (I) .. Its position is even opposed in the both, Risk becoming central in Regulation Law. Compliance Law being the extension of Regulatory Law, it is also built on the "concern" of Risk and the internalization of this consideration in enterprises therefore takes the form of mapping.
A closer look maybe not,even before the specific French laws, called "Sapin 2" and "Vigilance" and beyond them, case law decisions giving a general scope to maps drawn up by operators, or increasing the obligation that 'they have to do it (II). In this, general and precise technical Law offers points of support for Compliance Law, strengthening it in its tools.
Dec. 12, 2018
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence complète : Mélanges en l'honneur du Professeur Claude Witz, LexisNexis, novembre 2018, 920 p.
Lire la quatrième de couverture (contribution des auteurs incluse).
Lire la table des matières de l'ouvrage.
Consulter la présentation de l'article suivant :
Iacyr De Aguilar Veira, l'excessive onérosité et l'imprévisible, 2018.
June 6, 2018
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence complète : Fabre-Magnan, M., Le droit des contrats, coll. "Que sais-je ?", ed. PUF, 2018, 128 p.
« On lie les bœufs par les cornes, et les hommes par les paroles », disait le juriste Loysel en 1607. Toute l’ambivalence du contrat est là. En échangeant leurs paroles, les hommes s’engagent et se lient les uns aux autres. Par leur parole encore, ils peuvent se projeter dans l’avenir et tenter d’avoir prise sur lui. Enfin, en respectant la parole qu’ils ont donnée, ils lui confèrent sa valeur, déterminant la nature de la relation qu’ils ont nouée avec les autres.
Le « droit des contrats » désigne ainsi le « droit des obligations librement consenties », en d’autres termes le droit des engagements volontaires. Mais la liberté de se lier ne serait-elle pas un oxymore ?
Au droit revient la tâche de canaliser et de garantir la parole donnée, et ce faisant d’articuler tous les mots qui disent le contrat, à commencer par la liberté, la volonté, la force obligatoire, la loi et, bien sûr, la justice.
May 19, 2018
Blog
Il y a quelques jours, dans une réunion j'écoutais Alain Supiot.
Et cela m'a fait penser à un article sous presse que je viens de lire d'une ancienne élève à laquelle j'avais consacré des journées entières pour la guider dans son travail.
Puis ce matin, j'ai lu un extrait d'un livre de Bernard Maris.
Et cela m'a fait penser à des pages de Nietzsche.
Et je me suis dit : la question n'est-elle pas d'échapper non pas du tout à celle de la dette, qui est une question éthique et juridique fondamentale, une notion vaste et belle, mais à une sorte de piège, étroit et mortifère dans lequel il n'y aurait comme "place de référence" comme la place de "débiteur" ou bien la place de "créancier". A la fois en éthique, en économie et en droit.
Et si l'on a tant de mal à trouver notre place, n'est-ce pas parce qu'être "débiteur" peut renvoyer à deux positions qui n'ont rien à voir l'une avec l'autre ? L'une dans laquelle nous portons une dette qui suppose l'existence d'un créancier (ce qui suppose toujours une exécution à venir, une opposition, une violence), et l'autre dans laquelle nous portons une dette qui pourrait exister sans qu'existe un créancier ?
Lire ci-dessous
Feb. 22, 2018
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Complete reference : Aranda Vasquez, A., Affaire Generali : la Cour de cassation précise les caractéristiques de l'obligation, in Petites affiches, février 2018, n° 39, pp.12-15.
"The Generali case is experiencing a new episode. The Court of Cassation has clarified the essential characteristics of the obligation. It is reverting to the position of the judgment of the Paris Court of Appeal of June 21, 2016 (n ° 15 / 00317), by deciding that the reimbursement of the nominal amount is not an essential characteristic of the obligation. The highest court of the judiciary thus sheds light on the matter. "
Sciences-Po students can consult the article via the Drive, "MAFR- Regulation & Compliance" folder
Updated: July 31, 2013 (Initial publication: Dec. 6, 2011)
Teachings : Les Grandes Questions du Droit, semestre d'automne 2011
April 18, 2012
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : Gr. Forest, Essai sur la notion d'obligation en droit privé, préf. F. Leduc, Dalloz, coll. "Nouvelle Bibliothèque de Thèses", vol. 116, 2012, 550 p.
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📗lire le sommaire de l'ouvrage
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📗lire la table des matières de l'ouvrage
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► Résumé de l'ouvrage (fait par l'éditeur) : "(...) Comment créance et dette pourraient-elles n'être que les deux faces d'une même réalité juridique, alors que l'une n'est apparue que plus d'un millénaire après l'autre, à l'occasion d'une rupture dans la philosophie du droit ? Ce prodigieux décalage milite bien plutôt en faveur de leur dualité de nature. Créance et dette représentent, en réalité, deux éléments constitutifs de l'obligation certes indissociables mais néanmoins distincts, en ce qu'ils ne se situent pas sur le même plan : la dette, qui relève du droit objectif, est une norme individuelle de comportement déterminant l'activité à laquelle le débiteur est astreint ; la créance, qui constitue un droit subjectif, est un titre d'appropriation (droit de recevoir la prestation) et un titre d'exécution (droit d'exiger l'exécution de la prestation). Ce qui mène l'auteur à définir l'obligation comme le droit subjectif à l'exécution d'une norme de comportement.
(...) Monsieur Forest s'emploie avec brio à dérouler les conséquences pratiques du modèle théorique qu'il a élaboré. (...)
Toutes les conséquences tirées de la découverte de la structure binaire de l'obligation ne convaincront peut-être pas de manière égale. Il n'en demeure pas moins qu'on ne peut qu'être impressionné par la puissance démonstrative de l'ensemble. (...)".
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Jan. 2, 2008
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence complète : Dumez, H., De l'obligation de rendre des comptes ou accountability, in Revue "Annales des Mines - Gérer et comprendre", n° 91, 2008, pp. 4-8.
Les étudiants de Sciences po peuvent lire l’article via le dossier « MAFR – Régulation & Compliance »
March 31, 2005
Publications
Référence complète : Frison-Roche, M-A., Article introductif de Le droit des obligations dans l’intermédiation financière, coll. "Droit et Économie", LGDJ - Lextenson, 2005, p 7-10.
Nov. 5, 2004
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : A.-S. Dupré-Dallemagne, La force contraignante du rapport d'obligation (Recherche sur la notion d'obligation), préf. Ph. Delebecque, Presses universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, Institut de Droit des Affaires, 2004, 536 p.
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📗lire le sommaire de l'ouvrage
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📗lire la table des matières de l'ouvrage
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► Résumé de l'ouvrage (fait par l'éditeur) : "Le rapport d'obligation embrasse de très nombreuses situations. Son champ d'application s'élargit tant par son objet que par les personnes qui en sont tenues. Il présente une nature juridique unique malgré la diversité des sources dont il est issu : qu'il soit de nature contractuelle, quasi-contractuelle, délictuelle ou quasi-délictuelle, le rapport d'obligation oblige son auteur à en exécuter les termes. La force contraignante est inhérente au rapport d'obligation créé. Par conséquent, à défaut d'exécution volontaire, le créancier peut contraindre le débiteur à l'exécution.
La force contraignante, bien qu'inhérente au rapport d'obligation, présente des degrés. Atténuée, elle entraîne une suspension voire une suppression de l'exécution normalement attendue par le créancier. Consolidée, elle octroie au créancier une plus grande garantie d'exécution.".
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June 2, 1994
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : V. Balestriero, La stipulation pour autrui tacite, thèse Nancy II, sous la direction de B. Gross, 1994.
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► Résumé de la thèse (par l'auteure) : La stipulation pour autrui tacite est celle qui figure dans une convention d'une manière non expresse. Elle est souvent mise au jour par le juge, à l'occasion de deux grands types d’operations, la stipulation pour autrui tacite étant soit implicite, soit présumée. Il est un certain nombre de contrats, dont la nature est de mettre en rapport trois personnes, qui ont vocation à contenir une stipulation pour autrui, même si elle n'est pas expressément évoquée.
Parfois, c'est l'observation de certaines clauses de la convention qui révèle l'existence d'une stipulation pour autrui tacite, lorsque ces clauses ne peuvent s'exécuter qu'au profit d'un tiers à cette convention. Le juge procède alors par déduction et fait apparaitre une stipulation pour autrui qui était implicite.
Parfois, la présence d'une stipulation pour autrui tacite est beaucoup moins certaine, et il apparait que, dans un esprit d'équité ou de logique juridique, le juge va jusqu'à présumer l'existence d'une telle stipulation, pour arriver au résultat juridique qu'il vise a, savoir une action directe et personnelle du tiers bénéficiaire contre le promettant.
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