► Référence complète : Branellec, G. et Cadet, I., "Le devoir de vigilance des entreprises françaises : la création d’un système juridique en boucle qui dépasse l’opposition hard law et soft law", Open Edition, 2017.

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Lire l'article.

► Full Reference: A.-C. Rouaud, "L’intensité de l’obligation de vigilance selon les secteurs : le cas des opérateurs financiers" (The intensity of the obligation of vigilance depending on the sector: the case of financial operators), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), L'Obligation de Compliance, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) an Dalloz, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", 2024, forthcoming

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📕read the general presentation of the book, L'Obligation de Compliance, in which this contribution is published

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► English summary of this contribution (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance - JoRC) : The author develops the case of financial operators and shows that if they are subject to very heavy obligations of vigilance, it is above all because of the systemic risks of the markets, obligations which are consubstantial with their activities, because these operators are often in charge of market infrastructures or operating services, which make them all belong to the category of regulated professions.

Despite this uniqueness, the obligation of vigilance has many facets, ranging from policing and customer surveillance to warning and protection, which can be very limited, as the fight against money laundering aims to protect the system (kyc).

In addition, this obligation to exercise vigilance serves different goals, which explains the diversity of sanctions, because the intensity of the obligation also varies. The fight against systemic risk is certainly a common goal, but there are also concerns about protecting specific categories, such as investors (from a more European perspective).

However, the general interest is now being renewed, as market protection is coupled with a concern for Sustainability. This is reflected in the variability of sanctions, ranging from disciplinary sanctions, handled by the financial markets regulatory bodies, to the obligation to put in place compliance programmes against which breaches are sanctioned per se. Private enforcement is developing in tandem with public enforcement, with a transformation of the litigation risk for companies, which is highly sensitive to extraterritoriality and the scope of soft law.

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► Full Reference: M. Françon, "L’intensité du devoir de vigilance dans le secteur bancaire" (The intensity of the duty of vigilance in the banking sector), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), L'Obligation de Compliance, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", 2024, forthcoming

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📕read the general presentation, L'Obligation de Compliance, in which this contribution is published

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► English summary of this contribution (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance - JoRC) : The author develops the case of banking and insurance operators. He stresses that in the banking and insurance sectors, Vigilance consists of an obligation to process Information, collected in advance if necessary, with a view to preventing the occurrence of a systemic risk.

The identification and prevention of risk is a reinforced duty of vigilance which, in this context, varies in intensity. The banks and insurance companies obligation dates back a long time, whereas the duty of vigilance is a recent development. This time lag can be explained by the fact that compulsory vigilance is consubstantial with the very activity of the banker and the insurer and by the fact that the sector has always been systemic, which produces an interweaving of hard and soft law.

Variations in the intensity of the obligation to exercise Vigilance are due to the fact that there are two types of obligations: those imposed in the interests of the business and the customer, and those imposed in the interests of the stability of the system. The latter are much stronger than the former. They are as much a burden on the banker as they are on the customer. For example, obligations relating to money laundering are solely in the general interest, and the customer cannot rely on the bank's failings (decision of the French Cour de cassation, Commercial Chamber, 28 April 2004). Moreover, where the freezing of assets is concerned, the obligation of vigilance becomes one obligation of result.

In the general interest itself, the intensity varies according to the goals pursued, giving rise to "standard", "simplified" and "reinforced" vigilance obligation, depending on the underlying risk. In addition, interfering rights vary the obligation, in particular the protection of personal data, or the banker's right not to interfere in business's client. Lastly, there are interfering vigilance obligations on third parties, including those located outside Europe.

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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Naissance d'une branche du Droit : le Droit de la Compliance" ("Birth of a branch of Law: Compliance Law"), in Mélanges offerts à Louis Vogel. La vie du droit, LexisNexis - Dalloz - LawLex - LGDJ, 2024, pp.177-188.

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📝read the article (in French)

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🚧read the bilingual Working Paper which is the basis of this article, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks

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► English Summary of the article:  The study focuses on the various movements that have given rise to Compliance Law, with particular emphasis on Competition Law.

After a preliminary reflection on the construction of the legal system into branches of Law, their classification in relation to each other, the difficulty encountered in this respect by Economic Law, and the various movements that give rise to one of them, the diversity of which the branch subsequently keeps track of, the study is constructed in 4 parts.

To find out what gave rise to Compliance Law, the first part invites everyone to reject the narrow perspective of a definition that is content to define it by the fact of "complying" with the applicable regulations in the sens to obey them automatically. This has the effect of increasing the effectiveness of the regulations, but it does not produce a branch of Law, being only an efficiency tool like any other.

The second part of the study aims to shed light on what appears to be an "enigma", because it is often claimed that this is the result of a flexible method through the "soft law", or of an American regulation (for instance FCPA), or of as many regulations as there are occasions to make. Instead, it appears that in the United States, in the aftermath of the 1929 crisis, it was a question of establishing an authority and rules to prevent another atrocious collapse of the system, while in Europe, in 1978, in memory of the use of files about Jews, it was a question of establishing an authority and rules to prevent an atrocious attack on human rights. A common element that aims for the future ("never again"), but not the same object of preventive rejection. This difference between the two births explains the uniqueness and diversity of the two Compliance Law, the tensions that can exist between the two, and the impossibility of obtaining a global Compliance Law.

The third part analyses the way in which Competition Law has given rise to conformity mechanisms: they had only constituted a secondary branch which is a guarantee of conformity with competition regulations. Developed in particular through the soft law issued by the competition authorities, the result is a kind of "soft obedience", a well-understood collaboration of a procedural type through which the company educates, monitors and even sanctions, without going outside Competition Law, of which compliance  (in the sens of conformity) is the appendix. The distance between a conformity culture and Compliance Law can be measured here.

The fourth part aims to show that Competition Law and Compliance Law are two autonomous and articulated branches of Law. Since Compliance Law is a autonomous and strong branch of Law built around Monumental Goals, in particular the sustainability of systems and the preservation of the human beings involved so that they are not crushed by these systems  but benefit from them : the current challenge of European integration is to build the pillar of Compliance Law alongside the competitive pillar. Jurisdictions are in the process of doing this and articulating them.

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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, Scientific direction of the conference Le rapport de durabilité : obligation et Contentieux Systémiques Émergents (The Sustainability Report: Emerging Systemic Obligations and Litigation), in cycle of conference-debates "Contentieux Systémique Émergent" ("Emerging Systemic Litigation"), organised on the initiative of the Cour d'appel de Paris (Paris Cour of Appeal), with the Cour de cassation (French Court of cassation), the Cour d'appel de Versailles (Versailles Court of Appeal), the École nationale de la magistrature - ENM (French National School for the Judiciary) and the École de formation des barreaux du ressort de la Cour d'appel de Paris - EFB (Paris Bar School) and MAFR, September 19, 2024, 11h-12h30, Cour d'appel de Paris, Cassin courtroom

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► Presentation of the conférence: Sustainability is a new legal concept, the lineaments of which can be found in certain sectors and branches of Law, and which today has both multiple resulting obligations and a definition that is sufficiently unified to allow it to be grasped through the technique and the requirement of the "Sustainability Report", which translates a requirement linked to the systems themselves. The dual materiality mechanism illustrates this.

The Litigation that will ensue shall be imbued with this systemic dimension, since this report was required from this perspective, and the notion of Sustainability itself was conceived in the same way. What is commonly referred to as "ESG" reflects this perspective, which is both structural and long-term: Information is central here, since it is a Report, anchored in  the new conception of Corporate Law that is imbued with Governance, where internal and external stakeholders are present. The various Supervisors and Regulators, who go beyond supervising professionals to regulate activities, are also bound to have a role to play in this Emerging Systemic Litigation.

In order to understand and anticipate this, this conference is built around an analysis of the construction of the Sustainability Report and an analysis of the role of the Regulatory and Supervisory Authority, the French Audit Authority, the Haute Autorité de l'Audit - H2A. These analyses are carried out with a view to the Systemic Litigation that will arise from these new requirements and practices, in correlation with Litigation linked to other fields of Systemic Litigation such as Vigilance field.

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🧮Programme of this event: 

Fith conference-debate

LE RAPPORT DE DURABILITÉ : OBLIGATIONS ET CONTENTIEUX SYSTÉMIQUES ÉMERGENTS

(THE SUSTAINABILITY REPORT: EMERGING SYSTEMIC OBLIGATIONS AND LITIGATION)

Paris Court of Appeal, Cassin courtroom

🕰️11am.-11.10am. 🎤Pourquoi les textes et la pratiques sur le rapport de durabilité vont engendrer un Contentieux Systémique (Why the texts and practices on sustainability reporting will give rise to Systemic Litigation), by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Professor of Regulatory Law and Compliance Law, Director of the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC)

➡️read the presentation of this speech

🕰️11.10am.-11.20am. 🎤Élaboration et esprit de la directive CSRD (Elaboration and spirit of the CSRD), by 🕴️Florence Peybernès, President of the Haute Autorité de l'Audit - H2A (French High Audit Authority)

🕰️11.20am.-11.40am. 🎤Comment construire un rapport de durabilité ? (How to build a sustainability report?), by 🕴️Alexis Gazzo, Partner, Climate Change & Sustainability leader, EY France

🕰️11.40am.-12pm. 🎤Le contrôle de l'activité d'audit du rapport de durabilité (The control of the audit of the sustainability report), by 🕴️Florence Peybernès, President of the Haute Autorité de l'Audit - H2A (French High Audit Authority)

🕰️12pm.-12.30pm. Debate

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🔴Registrations and information requests can be sent to: inscriptionscse@gmail.com

🔴For the attorneys, registrations have to be sent to the following address: https://evenium.events/cycle-de-conferences-contentieux-systemique-emergent/ 

⚠️The conference-debates are held in person only, in the Cour d’appel de Paris (Paris Court of Appeal).

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► Référence complète : Autorité de la concurrence (ADLC), Communiqué relatif aux orientations informelles de l’Autorité en matière de développement durable, 27 mai 2024, 6 p.

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📜lire le communiqué

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📰lire le communiqué de presse accompagnant la publication de ce document

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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Synthèse" ("Synthesis"), in Concurrence : les enjeux de la Compliance​, May 24, 2024, Paris, Collège européen de Paris, Paris Panthéon-Assas University, 28 rue Saint-Guillaume

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🧮see the full programme of this event (in French): 

🌐read the  la newsletter MAFR Law, Compliance, Regulation on 26 Mai 2024 about this colloquium and this synthesis (in English)

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► Summary of this concluding conference:The conference was based on the 'framework document' on conformity programmes published by the French Competition Authority, the Autorité de la concurrence, on 24 May 2022 and focused on one of the tools used, namely risk mapping. The care taken to bring together academics whose job it is to give an account of reality by classifying and naming it, which makes it easier to handle, and people who every day in enterprises find solutions to anticipate difficulties so that they can be resolved, or even prevented from arising, has borne fruit.

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From all the presentations and discussions, 4 perspectives emerge, each showing what has been achieved, what may still emerge in interaction with all the other mechanisms in Compliance Law that incorporate risk mapping (for instance ,the French 2016 so-called "Sapin 2" law, the French 2017 so-called "Vigilance" law, the CS3D European directive, etc.) and the other mechanisms that are correlated with risk mapping (audit, internal investigations, evidence likely to be raised before a judge by the enterprise and/or by a stakeholder and what remains uncertain in this 2022 framework document.

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The first perspective is the basis of these recommendations, encouragement, methods, advice, etc.

The second perspective is the means developed to establish and implement these compliance programmes.

The third perspective is the scope of this framework document, which also depends to a large extent on the scope of the compliance programmes adopted by the firms themselves.

The fourth perspective is that of the subjects of law who are obliged, or who benefit from the adoption of such  compliance programmes in Competition Law.

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During this conclusion, based solely on what each speaker had to say, I continued my reflections in each of these 4 directions.

This reminded me of some of my work made in English on this subject: 

• M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📘Compliance Tools, ,2022

• M.-A. Frison-Roche, 🚧 Support from Compliance Law for day-to-day management of Competition Law, 2021

• M.-A. Frison-Roche, 🚧 Competition Law and Compliance Law, 2018

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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, Births of a branch of Law: Compliance Law, Working Paper, November 2023.

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📕This Working Paper was drawn up as a contribution to the collective book given to Professor Louis Vogel (given on October 2024)

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► Summary of this Working Paper: The study looks at the various movements that have given birth to Compliance Law, with particular emphasis on Competition Law.

After a preliminary reflection on the construction of the legal system into branches of Law, their classification in relation to each other, the difficulty encountered in this respect by Economic Law, and the various movements that give birth to one of them, the diversity of which the branch subsequently keeps track of, the study is constructed in 4 parts.

To find out what gave rise to Compliance Law, the first part invites us to reject the narrow perspective of a definition that is content to define it by the fact of "being conform" with all the applicable regulations. This has the effect of increasing the efficacy of the regulations, but it does not produce a branch of Law, being just a set of tools like others.

The second part of the study aims to shed some light on what appears to be an "enigma", as it is often claimed that this is the result of a soft method, or of an American political decision, or of as many regulations as there are occasions to make. Instead, it appears that in the United States, in the aftermath of the 1929 crisis, it was a decision of establishing an authority and rules to prevent another atrocious collapse of the system, while in Europe in 1978, in memory of the use of files of personal and racial information, it was a question of establishing an authority and rules to prevent an atrocious attack on human rights. A common element that aims for the future ("never again") but not the same object of preventive rejection. This difference between the two births explains the uniqueness and diversity of the two Compliance Laws, the tensions that can exist between the two, and the impossibility of obtaining a global Law.

The third part analyses the way in which Competition Law has given rise to conformity: a secondary branch which is a guarantee of conformity with competition rules. Developed in particular through the soft law issued by the competition authorities, the result is a kind of soft obedience, a well-understood collaboration of the procedural type through which the firm educates, monitors and even sanctions, without leaving  the cercle of Competition Law, of which conformity is an appendix. The distance between a culture of conformity and the substantial Compliance Law can be measured here.

The fourth part aims to show that Competition Law and Compliance Law are two autonomous and articulated branches of Law. Since Compliance Law is a branch of Law built on Monumental Goals, in particular the sustainability of systems and the preservation of the human beings involved so that they are not crushed by them but benefit from them, the current challenge of European integration is to build the pillar of Compliance Law alongside the competitive pillar. Jurisdictions are in the process of doing this and of linking the two.

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🔓read the Working Paper below⤵️

► Référence complète : C. Prieto, "Les autorités administratives indépendantes et les sources du droit des affaires : l’exemple de l’Autorité de la concurrence", JCP E, n° 7-8, 15 février 2024, étude 1050, pp. 24-34

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► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteure) : "Les autorités administratives indépendantes ont-elles leur place dans les sources du droit des affaires ? À partir de l’exemple de l’Autorité de la concurrence, une réponse est apportée à la lumière des avancées du Conseil d’État et de la Cour de cassation.".

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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche

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► Référence complète : E. Russo, "L’enquête interne au cœur des enjeux de conformité et de justice négociée : analyse de la position de l'AFA et du PNF", in M.-A. Frison-Roche et M. Boissavy (dir.), Compliance et droits de la défense. Enquête interne – CJIP – CRPC, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Dalloz, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", à paraître.

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📕consulter une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, Compliance et droits de la défense - Enquête interne, CIIP, CRPC, dans lequel cet article est publié

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► Résumé de l'article (fait par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance - JoRC) : L'auteur reprend et s'appuie sur les  publications par le Parquet national financier (PNF) et l’Agence Française Anticorruption (AFA) de lignes directrices actualisées sur la Convention judiciaire d’intérêt public CJIP et d’un guide pratique sur l’enquête interne, montrant le continuum entre les deux et manifestant une volonté de collaboration avec les entreprises, dans un contexte international et sur un modèle anglo-saxon.

L'auteur souligne que l'enquête est au cœur de la conformité pour les entreprises, en ce qu'elle permet l'efficacité de nombreuses exigences de la loi dite "Sapin 2", comme l'alerte, et permet de renforcer l'ensemble. Concernant les droits de la défense, aussi bien ceux des personnes auditionnées que ceux de l'entreprise, laquelle ne devant pas rester passive, l'auteur souligne que le législateur pourrait encadrer davantage l'enquête interne et estime que lorsque l'enquête prend une certaine proportion, l'entreprise a intérêt à en confier la conduite à un avocat. Plus encore, il prend nettement parti pour le cumul souhaitable par l'avocat de la fonction d'enquêteur et la fonction de défenseur de l'entreprise, contrairement à la recommandation de l'AFA et du PNF d'y voir une incompatibilité. 

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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche

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► Référence complète : V. Lasserre, "Les sources textuelles internes et européennes du droit des affaires. L'exemple du devoir de vigilance", JCP E, n° 1, 4 janvier 2024, étude n° 1002, pp. 23-27

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► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteure) : "Comprendre la loi sur le devoir de vigilance est utile. Premièrement, parce que ce devoir est un modèle qui tend à être diffusé. Poursuivant dans le sillon du législateur français, le législateur européen est également en train de construire un cadre européen pour le devoir de vigilance des entreprises. Deuxièmement, parce que de nombreuses actions en justice ont été intentées, montrant la vita- lité de ce devoir. Troisièmement, parce que ce devoir est un moment clé dans le développement de la responsabilité sociale et environnementale des entreprises. On démontrera que des sources hétéroclites ont concouru à forger le devoir de vigilance et que les mots de la loi oscillent entre rupture et continuité.".

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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche

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► Full Reference: Agence française anticorruption - AFA (French Anti-Corruption Agency) and Parquet national financier - PNF (French National Financial Prosecutor's Office), Internal anti-corruption investigations. Practical Guide, march 2023. 

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📜read the guide

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► Full Reference: F. Raynaud, "Le juge administratif et la compliance" ("The Administrative Judge and the Compliance Law"), ​in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2023, p. 473-478.

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📕read a general presentation of the book, La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, in which this article is published

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► Summary of the article (done par the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): The author studies the close relationship between Compliance Law and Soft Law, such as the Administrative Judge has made room for it in his case law. This was particularly the case with the judgments of the Conseil d'État (French Council of State) in 2016, relating to legal topic of Regulatory Law, which is extended by Compliance Law.

This concern to internalize in companies what the public authorities want had also been taken into consideration by the Conseil d'État by small touches from 2010 and has continually expanded. This is particularly the case when the document issued is "de nature à produire des effets notables, notamment de nature économique, ou ont pour objet d'influer de manière significative sur les comportements des personnes auxquelles ils s'adressent" ("likely to produce significant effects, in particular of an economic nature, or are intended to significantly influence the behavior of the people to whom they are addressed"), which is related to compliance issues directly. This new concept adopted by the Conseil d'État has led it to review and control numerous "positions", "recommendations", "guidelines", etc., adopted by multiple authorities, to protect the persons on whom these acts have a "notable effect", the Conseil sometimes not hesitating to censor the issuing body. In Banking compliance, the Soft Law, more specifically issued by the European Banking Authority, gave the Administrative Judge the opportunity to adjust his control with that exercised by the Court of Justice seized by a preliminary question.

Thus, "Par sa jurisprudence sur la justiciabilité des actes de droit de souple, le Conseil d’Etat s’affirme donc comme un acteur de la compliance en permettant aux entités visées par ces actes et soumises à leur égard à une obligation de compliance de saisir le juge administratif d’un recours en annulation contre ces actes, afin qu’ils puissent être soumis à un contrôle de légalité et, le cas échéant, annulés" ("Through its case law on the justiciability of Soft Law acts, the Conseil d'État therefore asserts itself as a compliance actor by allowing the entities covered by these acts and subject to a compliance obligation in their regard to seize the administrative judge of an action for annulment against these acts, so that these acts can be subjected to a control of legality and, if necessary, annulled").

But must the administrative judge be seized. It can be the case in new fields, for example in climate matters, as he we in the Grande Synthe case. By its decision, "Le Conseil d’Etat va ainsi au bout de la logique du dispositif mis en place par le législateur et par le pouvoir réglementaire pour mettre en œuvre les accords de Paris, lesquels reposent sur une forme de compliance à l’échelle mondiale, chaque Etat signataire s’engageant, en quelque sorte, à faire le nécessaire pour atteindre un objectif commun à une date donnée, à charge pour chacun de s’organiser pour l’atteindre. En l’absence d’un juge international capable de vérifier le respect de ces engagements, le juge national apparait le plus naturel pour accepter de vérifier, lorsqu’il est saisi d’un litige en ce sens, que ces engagements ne restent pas lettre morte. " ("The Conseil d'État thus goes to the end of the logic of the system put in place by the legislator and by the administrative power to implement the Paris Agreements, which are based on a form of compliance at the worldwide scale, each signatory State undertaking, in a way, to do what is necessary to achieve a common goal by a given date, it being up to each to organize itself to achieve it. to verify compliance with these commitments, the national judge seems the most natural to accept to verify, when seized of a dispute in this sense, that these commitments do not remain a dead letter".).

Through this general movement,  "La compliance est devenue un nouveau mode de régulation d’un nombre croissant d’activités. " ("Compliance has become a new way of regulating a growing number of activities.").

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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "L'appui du Droit de la Compliance pour la maîtrise quotidienne du Droit de la concurrence" ("The support of Compliance Law for the daily mastery of Competition Law"), in C. Lemaire & F. Martucci (eds.), Liber Amicorum Laurence Idot. Concurrence et Europe, vol. I, pref. C. Lemaire & F. Martucci, foreword B. Lasserre, Concurrences, 2022, pp. 369-374

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► English Summary of the article: Competition Law has become so huge and has included so many regulations and "regulatory" perspective that we end up giving up trying to grasp it as a whole, preferring to become a specialist in one of its parts.  That would be to lose sight of the simple and strong reason that unites the whole and gives it its breath: Freedom.

Freedom experienced by the persons in their daily economic action, Freedom guarded by Competition Law, always returning to its principle: Free Competition. Therefore, the European Union places great emphasis on Competition. To make effective and to keep it in this state, “Competition Policy” is based on Competition Law, but if authorities and judges do not blame companies for their power, they do not rely on it.

To do this, Competition Law must be supported by Compliance Law, which strongly encourages companies to act for the effectiveness and the promotion of competitive principles. Competition Law is thus slipping from the Ex-Post towards the Ex-Ante, the commitments of companies leading them to cease being passive, even punished, to become convinced actors and themselves pedagogues. Something to please a great Professor of Competition Law, to whom homage is paid here.

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📗read the Table of Contents of the book in which this article is published (in French)

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🚧read the bilingual Working Paper which is the basis of this article, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks

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📝read the article (in French)

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► Référence complète : P. Deumier, "Les sources du droit économique", in J.-B. Racine (dir.), Le droit économique au XXIe siècle. Notions et enjeux, LGDJ, coll. "Droit & Économie", 2020, pp.24-37

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📕consulter une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, Le droit économique au XXIe siècle. Notions et enjeux, dans lequel cet article est publié 

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► Résumé de l'article : 

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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche

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Full reference: Frison-Roche, M.-A., Compliance & Regulatory Soft Law, legal Certainty and Cooperation: example of the U.S. Financial Crimes Enforcement Network new Guidelines on AML/FT, Newsletter MAFR - Law, Compliance, Regulation, 2nd of September 2020

Read by freely subscribing other news of the Newsletter MAFR - Law, Compliance, Regulation

Summary of the news

The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) is an organ, depending on the American Treasury, in charge of fighting against financial criminality and especially against money laundering and terrorism financing. For this, it has large control and sanction powers. 

In August 2020, the FinCEN published a document untitled "Statement on Enforcement" which aimed to explicit its control and sanction methods. It reveals what firms risk in case of offense (from the simple warning letter to criminal pursuits passing through financial fines) and the different criteria on which FinCEN is based to use one sanction rather than another. Among these criteria, we find for examples the nature and the seriousness of committed violations or the firm's history but also the implementation of compliance program or the quality and the spread of the cooperation with FinCEN durning the investigation. 

One of the objectives of the publication of such an information document is to obtain the cooperation of firms by creating a confidence relationship between the regulator and the regulated firm. However, it is very difficult to ask to the firms to cooperate and to furnish information if they can fear that this same information can be used later as proof against them by the FinCEN. 

Another objective is to reinforce legal security and transparency. However, the FinCEN's declaration does not seem to commit it, because it is not presented as a chart but as a simple declaration. Indeed, the list of the possible sanctions and the criteria used by the FinCEN are far from being exhaustive and can be completed in concreto by the FinCEN without any justification.

Référence complète : Department of Justice & Securities & Exchanges Commission, FCPA Ressource Guide, June 2020, 132 pages.

Lire le document (en anglais). 

► Full Reference: Conseil national des barreaux (CNB) and Centre de recherche et d'étude des avocats (CREA), Guide. L'avocat français et les enquêtes internes (Guide. The French attorney and the internal investigations), June 2020.

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► read the guide (in French)

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► Full Reference: Frison-Roche, M.-A., Globalization from the point of view of Law, working paper, May 2017.

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🎤 This working paper initially served as a basis for a synthesis report made in French in the colloquium organized by the Association Henri Capitant in the International German Days on the subject of "Le Droit et la Mondialisation" (Law and Globalization).

📝 Il sert dans un second temps de base à l'article paru dans l'ouvrage La Mondialisation.

📝 it serves as a second basis for the article (written in English, with a Spanish Summary) to be published in the Brezilian journal Rarb - Revista de Arbitragem e Mediação  (Revue d`Arbitrage et Médiation).

It uses the Bilingual Dictionary of the Law of Regulation and Compliance.

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► Summary of the Working: Globalization is a confusing phenomenon for the jurist. The first thing to do is to take its measure. Once it has been taken, it is essential that we allow ourselves to think of something about it, even if we have to think about it. For example, on whether the phenomenon is new or not, which allows a second assessment of what is taking place. If, in so far as the law can and must "pretend" to defend every being, a universal claim destined to face the global field of forces, the following question - but secondary - is formulated: quid facere? Nothing ? Next to nothing ? Or regulate? Or can we still claim that the Law fulfills its primary duty, which is to protect the weak, including the forces of globalization?

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read the Working Paper below⤵️

Full reference : Augagneur, L.-M., La compliance a-t-elle une valeur ?, JCP E, n° 40, 5 octobre 2017, p. 1522.

Sciences Po students can read the article via the drive, folder "MAFR-Régulation & Compliance".

Référence complète : Gaudemet, Y., La régulation économique ou la dilution des normes, Revue de droit public, p.23 et s.

Les étudiants de Sciences po peuvent lire l'article via le drive de Sciences po dans le dossier "MAFR - Régulation"

Dans cet article critique, Yves Gaudemet affirme que le Droit de la Régulation économique illustre le phénomène plus général de la "dilution des normes, phénomène auquel est consacré le dossier ici consacré par la Revue de Droit public au "Désordre normatif".

Il estime que le Droit de la Régulation économique l'illustre en ce qu'il fait subir aux normes une sorte de "dilution".

Cela tient tout d'abord au vocabulaire, où règne ce qu'il qualifie le "désordre des mots", affectant la sécurité juridique. Le "Droit souple" est le moyen d'une "régulation bavarde", faite de proclamations, de recommandations et de lignes directrices.

Le juge devient alors le "régulateur ultime", puisqu'il applique à ce Droit souple un contrôle de proportionnalité.

Les "actes de régulation" eux-mêmes sont dilués entre eux, puisque les Autorités peuvent les utiliser d'une façon alternée, les pouvoirs s'appuyant les uns sur les autres, notamment le pouvoir de sanction, avec une "utilisation indifférenciée par les autorités de régulation des nombreux outils qu'elles ont à leur disposition", le tout s'appuyant le plus souvent sur un pouvoir d'auto-saisine. Par exemple l'auto-saisine pour émettre un avis. Yves Gaudemet cite l'ARCEP qui pour prendre une décision s'appuie sur de futures lignes directrices ....

L'auteur reprend à son compte les reproches formulés en 2010 par le Rapport Dosière-Vaneste sur la production normative excessive des Autorités de Régulation, et le Rapport du Conseil d'État de 2001 sur les AAI qui leur reproche "l’ambiguïté magique" de leur activité.

Yves Gaudemet propose de ramener de ramener le champs de la Régulation dans la "langue du Droit" et de soumettre son contrôle aux "qualifications du Droit".

Dans la seconde partie de l'article, qui confronte la Régulation économique et l'Ordre du Droit, Yves Gaudemet attend de la jurisprudence, ici principalement celle du Conseil d'État qu'elle discipline cette régulation, telle qu'exprimée par les arrêts du 21 mars 2016, Fairwesta et Numericable.

De cette façon là, les Autorités de Régulation deviennent responsable de l'exercice de leur pouvoir normatif d'émettre du Droit souple.

Référence complète : Frison-Roche, M.-A., Rapport de synthèse et libres propos conclusifs, in Lasserre, V. (dir.),   "articulation des normes privées, publiques et internationales", Université du Maine, 2 décembre 2016.

Lire le programme.

Consulter les slides servant de support à la conférence.

Un article sera publié dans un ouvrage à paraître en 2017.

Le "Droit souple" est l'expression sur laquelle l'on converge désormais, puisque le Conseil d’État l'a voulu... La première question que l'on se pose est de savoir s'il constitue une nouveauté, comme on le dit souvent ou bien s'il ne révèle pas ce qu'a toujours été le Droit, pour ceux qui se souviennent avoir lu avant la publication du Rapport du Conseil d’État un ouvrage dont le titre est Flexible Droit ....

La deuxième question tient dans une présentation du Droit souple soit comme une pure méthode, embrassant dès lors tout le droit et au-delà du droit, ou bien comme un nouveau droit substantiel. Cela mène à une troisième question, car l'on hésite à voir dans le Droit souple un phénomène général et abstrait, ou bien au contraire caractéristique de certains secteurs du droit, principalement le droit du commercial international et le droit financier, là où l’État de fait n'aurait plus guère prise.   

Vient alors à l'esprit une troisième question, qui est presque un soupçon : au jeu du Droit souple, qui est gagnant ?