Sept. 9, 2024
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : M. Draghi, The future of European competitiveness, rapport, septembre 2024, 397 p., dit "rapport Draghi"
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📓lire la première partie du rapport Draghi, A competitiveness strategy for Europe
► Référence complète : M. Draghi, The future of European competitiveness. Part A - A competitiveness strategy for Europe, rapport, septembre 2024, 69 p.
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📓lire la seconde partie du rapport Draghi, In-depth analysis and recommendations
► Référence complète : M. Draghi, The future of European competitiveness. Part B - In-depth analysis and recommendations, rapport, septembre 2024, 328 p.
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Sept. 9, 2024
Conferences
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Pourquoi les textes et la pratiques sur le rapport de durabilité vont engendrer un Contentieux Systémique" ("Why the texts and practices on sustainability reporting will give rise to Systemic Litigation"), in Le rapport de durabilité : obligation et Contentieux Systémiques Émergents (The Sustainability Report: Emerging Systemic Obligation and Litigation), in cycle of conference-debates "Contentieux Systémique Émergent" ("Emerging Systemic Litigation"), organised on the initiative of the Cour d'appel de Paris (Paris Cour of Appeal), with the Cour de cassation (French Court of cassation), the Cour d'appel de Versailles (Versailles Court of Appeal), the École nationale de la magistrature - ENM (French National School for the Judiciary) and the École de formation des barreaux du ressort de la Cour d'appel de Paris - EFB (Paris Bar School), under the scientific direction of Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, September 19, 2024, 11h-12h30, Cour d'appel de Paris, Cassin courtroom
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🧮see the full programme of this event
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► English summary of the conference: Systemic Litigation refers to a specific category whose proposed category in 2021 refers to "cases" brought before the courts, sometimes specialised, sometimes under ordinary law courts: these are cases in which not only are the parties involved in their dispute but also a system is itself involved, with the procedure and the judge having to allow the interests of the system to be taken into consideration.
However, what is also the subject of new terminology, namely the "Sustainability Report", reflects the same legal revolution: the company must be able to assess not only its economic and financial performance, which is the subject of accounting, but also its development in terms of what it does externally in terms of ESG and what the outside world does about it.
In this perspective, the whole Information System is being transformed, and in different ways depending on the standards adopted, in the United States, Europe or elsewhere, either it is sufficient to obtain Information, no more, so that third parties can adjust their behaviour, mainly investments, or, as in Europe, Law includes a more substantial perspective, so that the company itself adjusts its own behaviour, its Governance, its position in the world, in a renewed relationship with its stakeholders. In Europe, saying and doing are intertwined, CSRD being twinned with CS3D.
Moreover, we can therefore consider that non-financial information, through the sustainability report, its assurance of credibility and the regulation of the audit carried out on it, is itself a system.
The sustainability report, inside the sustainability system, is then interwoven with other systems, which are themselves the subject of Emerging Systemic Litigation: firstly Vigilance, which has been studied as a field of systemic litigation, and then artificial intelligence field, which has been studied in the same way.
The Sustainability Report, insofar as it intersects with the sustainability obligation implied by the duty of Vigilance, may be attracted to the Systemic Litigation to which Vigilance gives rise. In the same way, algorithms can be a tool for data accumulating and matching ESG criteria, which could have the same attraction effect. If this happens, this dimension will have to be present and understood, for example through amici curiae mechanism, in conjunction with the Regulators and the professions concerned.
In addition, as in any emerging mechanism, and as we have seen for example in relation to rating agencies, Tort Law may interfere if the liability of either the company or the person who carried out the audit were to be appreciated, the systemic perspective then having to be integrated into the handling of the case, even before the non-specialised judge.
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Sept. 5, 2024
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : U. Öberg, "A ‘General’ Court in Name Only", Concurrences, septembre 2024, n° 3, art. n°119581, pp. 2-6
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► Résumé de l'article :
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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
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Sept. 5, 2024
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : R. Intolé, La responsabilité des grandes entreprises à l’aune du devoir de vigilance. Analyse comparée des droits français et OHADA, préf. M. Goré, L'Harmattan, coll. "Le Droit aujourd'hui", 2024, 412 p.
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📗lire la table des matières de l'ouvrage
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► Résumé de l'ouvrage (fait par l'éditeur) : "Le devoir de vigilance prône la responsabilisation des grandes entreprises en matière sociétale et environnementale. En permettant l’appréhension des grandes entreprises et de leurs réseaux dans leur ensemble, il incite toute l’organisation à agir globalement de manière responsable.
L’analyse du devoir de vigilance en droit français fait ressortir que ce dernier s’écarte des solutions classiques du droit de la responsabilité, et cela à au moins deux points de vue. Les normes applicables au devoir de vigilance privilégient une approche fondée sur l’auto-contrôle autonome des entreprises plutôt que sur la répression. En même temps, le devoir de vigilance apporte une logique de contrainte entraînant plus spécifiquement une nouvelle construction du droit de la responsabilité fondée sur la prévention, qualifiée de responsabilité-anticipation.
Il est alors proposé la transposition de ces pratiques qui ont pénétré le droit français en droit de l’OHADA."
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Sept. 2, 2024
Thesaurus : Convention, contract, settlement, engagement
► Référence complète : Convention judiciaire d'intérêt public en matière environnementale (CJIP) entre le Procureur de la République près le Tribunal judiciaire d'Epinal et la société Nestlé Waters Supply Est SAS, 2 septembre 2024, dite "CJIP Nestlé Waters"
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📝commentaires de la CJIP :
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Updated: Sept. 1, 2024 (Initial publication: )
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : M. Jehl, "The duty of vigilance in the face of practical challenges: audits, contractual assurances, and mediation", IBLJ, 2024, n°3/4, pp. 425-435
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► Résumé de l'article :
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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
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Aug. 29, 2024
Editorial responsibilities : Direction of the collection "Cours-Série Droit privé", Editions Dalloz (33)
► Référence complète : Ph. Neau-Leduc & A. Périn-Dureau, Droit bancaire, Dalloz, coll. " Cours Dalloz - Série Droit privé", 7ième éd., 2024, 350 p.
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► Présentation de l'ouvrage : Cette nouvelle édition du Droit bancaire dont Philippe Neau Leduc en était l'auteur, s'adresse à tous les étudiants en Master 1 de droit mais aussi aux praticiens souhaitant actualiser leurs connaissances en droit bancaire.
Il développe dans une première partie "le système bancaire" (secteur et statut bancaire), et dans une seconde partie "le service bancaire" (les opérations de banques et annexes).
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📕lire la quatrième de couverture
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📚Consulter l'ensemble de la collection dans laquelle l'ouvrage a été publié
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📚Sont directement corrélés à cet ouvrage :
🕴️S. Piédelièvre, 📕Instruments de crédit et de paiement
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Aug. 28, 2024
Editorial responsibilities : Direction of the collection "Cours-Série Droit privé", Editions Dalloz (33)
► Référence complète : R. Cabrillac, Droit des obligations, Dalloz, coll. "Cours Dalloz-Série Droit privé", 16ième éd., 2024, 484 p.
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► Présentation de l'ouvrage : Parfaitement à jour des réformes récentes, le manuel de Rémy Cabrillac raconte en 450 pages le droit des obligations comme une matière vivante et quotidienne. Afin que cette matière demeure compréhensible, sa présentation en demeure classique, une première partie de l'ouvrage est consacré aux sources, la seconde traitant du régime.
Pour le faire, cet ouvrage désormais classique expose ainsi les actes juridiques, les quasi-contrats, la responsabilité civile extracontractuelle, puis les modalités, la circulation et l'extinction des obligations.
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📚Consulter l'ensemble de la collection dans laquelle l'ouvrage a été publié.
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📚Sont directement corrélés à cet ouvrage :
📕D. Mainguy, Contrats spéciaux
📕J.-B. Seube, Droit des suretés
📕J.-D. Pellier, Droit de la consommation
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Aug. 14, 2024
Editorial responsibilities : Direction of the collection "Cours-Série Droit privé", Editions Dalloz (33)
► Référence complète : Ch. André, Droit pénal spécial, Dalloz, coll. "Cours Dalloz - Série Droit privé", 1ière éd., 2010, 7ième éd., 2021, 552 p.
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► Présentation de l'ouvrage : La 6ième édition de ce Cours est à jour des réformes qui continuellement modifient les infractions pénales, notamment en matière économique et financière mais aussi sociales (par exemple les "gilets jaunes"), montrant avant tout la constante de la crise d'un droit pénal déliquescent et désormais éclaté en droits répressifs spéciaux. Aujourd'hui c'est non seulement un droit pénal spécial mais encore voire avant tout un droit pénal d'exceptions (ce qui pose problème au regard du droit pénal général, lequel est indissociable de la procédure pénal) qu'il faut apprendre, étudiants comme praticiens.
Ce Cours est construit en trois parties.
La première traite des infractions contre les personnes ; la deuxième des infractions contre les biens ; la troisième contres la Nation, l'État et la paix publique.
Les éléments de procédure pénale, indissociables du droit pénal, sont expliqués à chaque infraction explicitée.
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📕lire la quatrième de couverture
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📕lire la table des matières
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📚Consulter l'ensemble de la collection dans laquelle l'ouvrage a été publié
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📚Sont directement corrélés à cet ouvrage :
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Aug. 2, 2024
Publications
🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche sur LinkedIn
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🌐subscribe to the Video Newsletter MAFR Surplomb
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, Antitrust, natural field of Systemic Litigation, Working Paper, July 2024
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📝This working paper has been prepared as a basis for the article to be published "Antitrust, natural field of Systemic Litigation" in the Review Concurrences in September 2024
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► Summary of this Working Paper: Systemic Litigation is a specific category of Litigation in which beyond the dispute between the parties the interest of a System is involved, in particular its future. Competition Law is a natural and long-standing field for this category, which is now emerging strongly for information, climate and energy systems.
It should be remembered that a market is not self-regulating and cannot continue to function in the long term unless it has the benefit of a judge, a figure who is specific in that he/she is both external to it and yet apprehends its specific interest. In order to satisfy this double requirement, liberal legal organisations often entrust the competition authority with jurisdiction over this Systemic Litigation. Ordinary courts will also hear such cases, either on appeal or in other proceedings, and it cannot be claimed that courts are excluded, the systemic dimension of the dispute being expressed by the presence of the competition authority in the proceedings. This explains the procedural rules that are hard to justify otherwise.
The Authority, the European Commission for example, must be able to develop and express the specific interests of the competition system. This special role of the competition authority in this type of litigation, because it is systemic, has been in place for decades and should serve as a model for Systemic Litigation, which is being developed for other systems whose sustainability is now referred to the courts.
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🔓read the developments below⤵️
Aug. 2, 2024
Publications
🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche sur LinkedIn
🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law
🌐subscribe to the Video Newsletter MAFR Surplomb
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, Systemic Litigation, Working Paper, July 2024.
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📝Ce This Working Paper has been the basis for an article tot be published in French in the Recueil Dalloz.
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► Summary of this Working Paper: We are seeing the Emergence of a category of its own and must be designated by a singular expression: 'Systemic Litigation' (I). This category is composed of concrete cases, "Systemic Cases", in which a system is entirely involved. The interest in these systems, insofar as they are all a system, unifies the category and justifies its own procedural, institutional and jurisdictional treatment. This type of Litigation is Emerging for three reasons, which are recorded in the Systemic Cases (II). Systemic Litigation must be dealt with in a way that is both specific and unified. This is beginning to happen and must be expanded (III).
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🔓read the developments below
July 23, 2024
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : A. Supiot, "L'esprit des lois à l'époque globale", RIDE, 2023, n° 3-4, pp. 5-22
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► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteur) : "La nécessaire critique de la globalisation ne doit pas conduire à céder aux passions identitaires, mais bien au contraire à œuvrer à un nouvel ordre international fondé sur l’apprentissage mutuel et la solidarité des peuples, pour relever ensemble les défis écologiques, sociaux et technologiques des temps présents. Cette voie serait celle d’une véritable mondialisation, qui reconnaîtrait la souveraineté de la limite ainsi que la dette de vie entre générations, et romprait avec l’universalisme en surplomb, sûr d’incarner la raison, pour cultiver un universalisme en creuset, attentif à la diversité des langues, des histoires et des cultures.".
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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
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July 13, 2024
Interviews
🌐suivre Marie-Anne Frison-Roche sur LinkedIn
🌐s'abonner à la Newsletter MAFR. Regulation, Compliance, Law
🌐s'abonner à la Newsletter Surplomb, par MAFR
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "La transformation des entreprises face à la compliance", entretien mené par J.-Ph. Denis à l'occasion d'une série d'entretiens sur le Droit de la Compliance, in Fenêtres ouvertes sur la gestion, émission de J.-Ph. Denis, Xerfi Canal, enregistré le 12 décembre 2023, diffusé le 13 juillet 2024
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🌐consulter sur LinkedIn la présentation en décembre 2023 de l'entretien
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🌐consulter sur LinkedIn la vidéo de l'entretien
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🧱 consulter la présentation générale de cette série d'entretiens sur le Droit de la Compliance
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🎥visionner l'interview complète sur Xerfi Canal
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► Point de départ : depuis 2016, Marie-Anne Frison-Roche construit le Droit de la Compliance, notamment par une collection coéditée en français avec les Editions Dalloz et coéditée en anglais avec les Editions Bruylant :
🧱lire la présentation de la collection en langue française, 📚Régulations & Compliance
🧱read the presentation of the series in English, 📚Compliance & Regulation
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► Résumé de l'entretien :
Jean-Philippe Denis. Question : P
Marie-Anne Frison-Roche. Réponse. :
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J.-Ph D. Q. : L
MaFR. R. :
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Updated: July 8, 2024 (Initial publication: Dec. 15, 2023)
Publications
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, Duty of vigilance: the way forward, Working Paper, December 2023/July 2024.
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🎤 This working paper has been drawn up to serve as a basis for the conclusions of the colloquium Le devoir de vigilance: l'âge de la maturité? ("The duty of vigilance: the age of maturity?") organised by the University of Montpellier on 25 May 2023.
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📝 Updated and developed, it serves as the basis for the article that concludes the book Le devoir de vigilance des entreprises : l'âge de la maturité? ("The duty of vigilance: the age of maturity?"), Editions Bruylant, 2024.
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► Working Paper summary: In 2017 in France the so-called Vigilance law expressed great ambition. So did the draft directive. But in 2024 the European institutions moderated this ambition by refusing to increase either the type of companies subject and the constraints to which the duty of vigilance is associated. The directive has essentially halted what was for some the "march of progress". Does the ambition no longer exist? Does the future lie in an extension of the philosophy of the duty of vigilance, i.e. companies that should always be more concerned about others? This would undoubtedly be reaching the "age of maturity", where others see the age of madness, because it would be a contradiction in terms to ask a company to be concerned about anything other than its own development.
It is therefore appropriate to consider this very hypothesis of an "age of maturity" as being an ambition maintained despite a European directive which, in its adopted version, is weakened and while the oppositions are intact (I). First of all, it must be admitted that the notion of "maturity" most often conceals a value judgment when applied to a legal concept (I.A.) and that this is blatantly obvious with regard to the duty of vigilance, which is considered by some and by nature by some as a good and by others as an evil (I.B).
In order not to remain in what appears to be trench warfare, we must not get too bogged down in the reference French legislation of 2017 and what appears to be a European stutter in 2024, arguing so loudly that we can hear them reasoning in print, by paying attention to less visible and now more promising avenues of progress (II). In fact, the duty of vigilance can progress simply by the passage of time (II.A), by a better definition of the vocabulary (II.B), by the consolidation of the principles of Responsibility and Dialogue (II.C), by the uniqueness of the jurisdictional route (II.D).
This last perspective of the progress that will be made possible in France by the uniqueness of the judicial route leads to a final avenue of progress. By their very nature, laws are jolts, all the more violent for being disputed. At the moment, if we want to make progress, these two other sources - the contract and the judge - must be favoured (III). The European directive is rightly concerned with access to the courts and takes a measured view of the effectiveness of contracts as a means of making the duty of vigilance effective, with the courts having to ensure that the contract does not destroy the spirit of the system. This is what the law already organises about the relationship between the contract, the judge and the duty of compliance (III.A). What is new in Europe in 2024 is the introduction of a Supervisor (III.B). Here again, vigilance is the "cutting edge" of Compliance Law, as it is an extension of Regulatory Law.
The result is that, through interpretation and the handling of principles, and to formulate a more general conclusion, it is the judge who holds and will hold the balance of the duty of vigilance.
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🔓read the Working Paper below⤵️
July 4, 2024
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : S. Schiller, "La directive sur le devoir de vigilance. Appréciation du champ d’application, des obligations imposées et des sanctions au regard de la loi française", JCP E, n°27, 4 juillet 2024, étude 1207, pp. 16-26
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► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteure) : "Après 3 années de débats, la directive sur le Devoir de vigilance des entreprises en matière de durabilité a été adoptée par les parlementaires européens le 24 avril 2024. Texte de compromis, il contient des avancées majeures vers plus de sécurité, de fraternité et d’égalité. Vu la richesse de ce texte, seuls quelques points seront abordés dans cette étude : tout d’abord les entreprises concernées, puis les obligations imposées et, enfin, les sanctions prévues. La mise en perspective avec la loi vigilance applicable depuis 7 ans permet de mesurer l’importance de ce nouveau texte, même si de nombreux points sont en sus- pens dans l’attente de la transposition.".
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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
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July 4, 2024
Editorial responsibilities : Direction of the collection "Cours-Série Droit privé", Editions Dalloz (33)
► Référence complète : V. Magnier, Droit des sociétés, Dalloz, coll. "Cours Dalloz-Série Droit privé", 1ière éd., 2002, 11ième éd., 2024, 572 p.
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► Présentation de l'ouvrage : Cet ouvrage permet d'avoir facilement accès à la compréhension de la matière, il part des règles générales et communes à toutes les sociétés, pour ensuite aller vers les règles spécifiques aux sociétés particulières (SA, SARL, SCI, Société en nom collectif, etc.)
Cette dixième édition traite dans une première partie "le droit commun des sociétés", avec notamment le contrat de société et la personnalité morale de la société, pour ensuite s'intéresser dans une deuxième partie au "droit spécial des sociétés" avec les sociétés de personnes, à responsabilité limitée et de capitaux, pour finir sur le sujet du "groupement des sociétés".
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► Dans la même perspective du droit des affaires, voir aussi :
🕴️Ch. Neau-Leduc & al.,📕Droit bancaire
🕴️S. Piedelièvre,📕Droit commercial
🕴️G. Beaussonnie,📕Droit pénal des affaires
🕴️S. Piedelièvre,📕Instruments de crédit et de paiement
🕴️F. Gaudu et 🕴️F. Bergeron, 📕Droit du Travail
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📚consulter l'ensemble de la collection "Cours série - droit privé".
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July 1, 2024
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : M. Tirel, "Publication de la directive CS3D : consécration du devoir de vigilance européen", Dr. sociétés, n°7, juillet 2024, comm. 101, pp. 37-40
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► Résumé (fait par l'auteure) : "Objet. – Après son adoption définitive par le Parlement européen et le Conseil le 24 mai dernier (avec 17 votes pour et 10 abstentions), la directive sur le devoir de vigilance (Corporate sustainability due diligence directive, dite CS3D), a été publiée au JOUE le13 juin 2024.
Portée. – Tel que l'ambitionnait la Commission européenne, ce texte s'inspire de la loi française du 27 mars 2017 tout en remédiant à certaines de ses lacunes, bien que les ambitions premières que le texte portait ont été nettement revues à la baisse.".
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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
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June 28, 2024
Thesaurus : Soft Law
► Référence complète : Autorité de la concurrence (ADLC), avis 24-A-05 du 28 juin 2024 relatif au fonctionnement concurrentiel du secteur de l’intelligence artificielle générative, juin 2024, 104 p.
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📰lire le communiqué de presse accompagnant la publication de l'avis
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June 28, 2024
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : E. Netter, "Quand la force de conviction du scoring bancaire provoque sa chute. L'interprétation extensive, par la CJUE, de la prohibition des décisions entièrement automatisées", RTD com., 2024, chron., pp.342-348
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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
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June 24, 2024
Conferences
► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Les deux rencontres entre l'intelligence artificielle et le Contentieux Systémique" ("The two meetings between Artificial Intelligence and Systemic Litigation"), in L’intelligence artificielle, nouveau champ de Contentieux Systémique (Artificial intelligence, new field of Systemic Litigation), in cycle of conferences-debates "Contentieux Systémique Émergent" ("Emerging Systemic Litigation"), organised on the initiative of the Cour d'appel de Paris (Paris Cour of Appeal), with the Cour de cassation (French Court of cassation), the Cour d'appel de Versailles (Versailles Court of Appeal), the École nationale de la magistrature - ENM (French National School for the Judiciary) and the École de formation des barreaux du ressort de la Cour d'appel de Paris - EFB (Paris Bar School), under the scientific direction of Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, June 24, 2024, 11am-12.30pm, Cour d'appel de Paris, Cassin courtroom.
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🧮see the full programme of this event
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► English Summary of the conference: In the general presentation on the theme itself, I underlined "The two meetings between Artificial Intelligence and Systemic Litigation".
The focus of this conference is not the state of what is usually called Artificial Intelligence, but rather how to correlate AI and "Emerging Systemic Litigation" (ESL).
This involves recalling what "Systemic Litigation" is (1), then looking at the contribution of Artificial Intelligence to dealing with this type of litigation (2), before considering that the algorithmic system itself can be a subject of Systemic Litigation (3).
1. What is the Systemic Litigation that we see Emerging?
On the very notion of "Emerging Systemic Litigation" (ESL), proposed in 2021, read : M.-A. Frison-Roche, 🚧The Hypothesis of the category of Systemic Cases brought before the Judge, 2021
Emerging Systemic Litigation concerns situations that are brought before the Judge and in which a System is involved. This may involve the banking system, the financial system, the energy system, the digital system, the climate system or the algorithmic system.
In this type of litigation, the interests and future of the system itself are at stake, "in the case". The judge must therefore "take them into consideration"📎
In this respect, "Emerging Systemic Litigation" must be distinguished from "Mass Litigation". "Mass litigation" refers to a large number of similar disputes. The fact that they are often of "low importance" is not necessarily decisive, as these disputes are important for the people involved and the use of A.I. must not overpower the specificity of each one. The fact remains, however, that the criterion for Systemic Litigation is the presence of a system. It may happen that a mass litigation calls into question the very interest of a system (for example, value date litigation), but more often than not the Systemic Litigation we see emerging is, unlike mass litigation, a very specific case in which one party, for example, formulates a very specific claim (e.g., asking for considerable work to be stopped) against a multinational company, and will thus "call into question" an entire value chain and the obligations incumbent on the powerful company to safeguard the climate system, which is therefore present in the proceedings (which does not, however, entitle it to make claims, but which must be taken into consideration).
2. The contribution of Algorithmic Power in the conduct of a Systemic Litigation
In this respect, AI can be a useful, if not indispensable, tool for mastering such Systemic Litigation, the emergence of which corresponds to a novelty, and the knowledge of which is brought before the Ordinary Law Judge.
Indeed, this type of litigation is particularly complex and time-consuming, with evidentiary issues at the heart of the case, and with expert appraisal following on from expert appraisal. Expert appraisals are difficult to carry out. AI can therefore be a means for the judge to control the expert dimension of Systemic Litigation, in order to curb the increased risk of experts capturing the judge's decision-making power.
The choice of AI techniques presents the same difficulties as those that have always applied to experts. It is likely that certification mechanisms, analogous to registration on expert lists, will be put in place, if we move away from construction by the courts themselves (or by the government, which may pose a problem for the independence of the judiciary), or if we want control over tools provided by the parties themselves, with regard to the principle of equality of arms due to the cost of these tools.
3. When it is the Algorithmic System itself that is the subject of a Systemic Litigation: its place is then rather in defense
Moreover, the algorithmic system itself gives rise to Systemic Litigation, in that individuals may bring a case before the courts claiming to have suffered damage as a result of the algorithmic system's operation, or seeking enforcement of a contract drawn up by the system. It is in the realm of the Ordinary Contract and Tort Law that the system may find itself involved in the jurisdictional proceedings.
It is noteworthy that, compared with the hypotheses hitherto favored in previous conference-debates, notably those of April 26, 2024 on Emerging Systemic Litigation linked to the Duty of Vigilance📎
However, the instance changes if the system is no longer presented as the potential "victim" but rather as the potential "culprit". In particular, it is much less clear what type of intervener in the proceedings, who is not necessarily a party to the dispute, should speak to explain the system's interest, particularly with regard to the sustainability and future of the AI system.
This is an area for further consideration by heads of courts.
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🕴️Fr. Ancel, 📝Compliance Law, a new guiding principle for the Trial?, in 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📘Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, 2024.
🧮La vigilance, nouveau champ de contentieux systémique (Vigilance, new field of Systemic Litigation), in cycle of conference-debates "Contentieux Systémique Émergent" ("Emerging Systemic Litigation"), organised on the initiative of the Cour d'appel de Paris (Paris Cour of Appeal), with the Cour de cassation (French Court of cassation), the Cour d'appel de Versailles (Versailles Court of Appeal), the École nationale de la magistrature - ENM (French National School for the Judiciary) and the École de formation des barreaux du ressort de la Cour d'appel de Paris - EFB (Paris Bar School), under the scientific direction of Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, June 24, 2024.
June 24, 2024
Organization of scientific events
► Full Reference: L’intelligence artificielle, nouveau champ de Contentieux Systémique (Artificial intelligence, new field of Systemic Litigation), in cycle of conferences-debates "Contentieux Systémique Émergent" ("Emerging Systemic Litigation"), organised on the initiative of the Cour d'appel de Paris (Paris Cour of Appeal), with the Cour de cassation (French Court of cassation), the Cour d'appel de Versailles (Versailles Court of Appeal), the École nationale de la magistrature - ENM (French National School for the Judiciary) and the École de formation des barreaux du ressort de la Cour d'appel de Paris - EFB (Paris Bar School), under the scientific direction of Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, June 24, 2024, 11am-12.30pm, Cour d'appel de Paris, Cassin courtroom.
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🌐see on LinkedIn the report made of this event
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► Presentation of this conference-debate: Artificial intelligence has enabled the creation of an algorithmic system. This develops its own logic, which is essentially technological in nature. It generates computing power based on the correlation of information to produce possible causalities and build probabilities that are sometimes likened to "predictions", with the mass processed eventually generating a qualitative change.
This change is linked to the digital space itself, which by its very nature gives rise to systemic disputes and litigation, to which the conference-debate on 27 May 2024 was devoted.
There are three ways in which this Emerging Systemic Litigation is involved, and it is important to anticipate these, as the litigation is either in its infancy or still to come, but will undoubtedly arise suddenly.
Firstly, it is possible that the technological tool will make it possible to deal with certain cases where the technical nature of either the concepts or the requests, or the multitude of requests, however simple, require this ability to deal with the mass, which leads to an increase in both the mechanical power of algorithms and the greater presence of human beings, in particular through the increase in adversarial proceedings, pre-trial proceedings, mediation, etc.
Secondly, in the face of this change linked to the digital environment, 'texts' have appeared to 'regulate' the use or the very invention of this or that algorithmic tool, texts of a very diverse nature, from the most soft to the hardest (this gradation between soft and hard law is the theme taken up in the conference-debate of 19 September 2024). These may be measures taken by the firms that produce the tools, those that use them, or those that disseminate them, with the people affected by the information being relatively active. This last point explains why systemic disputes are already underway, concerning the subjective rights that would be violated either by the very nature of artificial intelligence, in this case the rights of content producers, or the rights to privacy, or protection of other Monumental Goals. The systemic and extra-territorial dimension of these disputes has already been established.
The third point is the role of Politics, since the European Union, through the texts currently being adopted, has established that the Goal is not only the sustainability of the technical system, the innovation market and European sovereignty, but also the primacy of people and individuals, through a method that is the Ex Ante ranking of risks. This conception is also contested. This methodological issue also applies to judges.
This Emerging Systemic Litigation is and will be brought before various regulatory or supervisory Authorities, but also before the administrative and judiciary courts, in particular through Contract Law, Tort Law, Company Law, Labour Law, General Procedural Law, etc.
The aim here is to measure and anticipate the way in which the systemic dimension of these disputes will be incorporated into future litigation.
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🧮Program of this manifestation:
Paris Court of Appeal, Cassin courtroom
Presentation and moderation by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Professor of Regulatory & Compliance Law, Director of the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC)
🕰️11am.-11.10am. 🎤Les deux rencontres entre l'intelligence artificielle et le Contentieux Systémique (The two meetings between Artificial Intelligence and Systemic Litigation), by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Professor of Regulatory & Compliance Law, Director of the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC)
🕰️11.10am-11.30am. 🎤Les premiers contentieux systémiques observables impliquant l’intelligence artificielle (The first observable Systemic Litigations involving artificial intelligence), by 🕴️Sonia Cissé, Partner, Linklaters Paris
🕰️11.30am-11.50am. 🎤L’influence des nouveaux textes et des textes à venir sur les contentieux systémiques émergents impliquant l’intelligence artificielle (The influence of new and forthcoming legislation on Emerging Systemic Litigation involving artificial intelligence), by 🕴️Emmanuel Netter, Professor of Law at Strasbourg University
🕰️11.50am-12.30pm. Debate
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🔴Registrations and information requests can be sent to: inscriptionscse@gmail.com
🔴For the attorneys, registrations have to be sent to the following address: https://evenium.events/cycle-de-conferences-contentieux-systemique-emergent/
⚠️The conference-debates are held in person only, in the Cour d’appel de Paris (Paris Court of Appeal).
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🧮Read below the report made of this event by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche⤵️
June 20, 2024
Publications
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, The will, the heart and the calculation, the three traits encercling the Compliance Obligation, March 2024.
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📝 This Working Paper is the basis for the contribution "The will, the heart and the calculation, the three traits encercling the Compliance Obligation", in📘Compliance Obligation.
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► Summary of this Working Paper: There is often a dispute over the pertinent definition of Compliance Law, but the scale and force of the resulting obligation for the companies subject to it is clear. It remains difficult to define. First, we must not to be overwhelmed by the many obligations through which the Compliance Obligation takes shape, such as the obligation to map, to investigate, to be vigilant, to sanction, to educate, to collaborate, and so on. Not only this obligations list is very long, it is also open-ended, with companies themselves and judges adding to it as and when companies, sectors and cases require.
Nor should we be led astray by the distance that can be drawn between the contours of this Compliance Obligation, which can be as much a matter of will, a generous feeling for a close or distant other in space or time, or the result of a calculation. This plurality does not pose a problem if we do not concentrate all our efforts on distinguishing these secondary obligations from one another but on measuring what they are the implementation of, this Compliance Obligation which ensures that entities, companies, stakeholders and public authorities, contribute to achieving the Goals targeted by Compliance Law, Monumental Goals which give unity to the Compliance Obligation. Thus unified by the same spirit, the implementation of all these secondary obligations, which seem at once disparate, innumerable and often mechanical, find unity in their regime and the way in which Regulators and Judges must control, sanction and extend them, since the Compliance Obligation breathes a common spirit into them.
In the same way that the multiplicity of compliance techniques must not mask the uniqueness of the Compliance Obligation, the multiplicity of sources must not produce a similar screen. Indeed, the Legislator has often issued a prescription, an order with which companies must comply, Compliance then often being perceived as required obedience. But the company itself expresses a will that is autonomous from that of the Legislator, the vocabulary of self-regulation and/or ethics being used in this perspective, because it affirms that it devotes forces to taking into consideration the situation of others when it would not be compelled to do so, but that it does so nonetheless because it cares about them. However, the management of reputational risks and the value of bonds of trust, or a suspicious reading of managerial choices, lead us to say that all this is merely a calculation.
Thus, the contribution sets out to identify the Compliance Obligation by recognising the role of all these different sources. It emphasises that, in monitoring the proper performance of technical compliance obligations by Managers, Regulators and Judges, insofar as they implement the Compliance Obligation, it is pointless to limit oneself to a single source or to rank them abruptly in order of importance. The Compliance Obligation is part of the very definition of Compliance Law, built on the political ambition to achieve these Monumental Goals of preserving systems - banking, financial, energy, digital, etc. - in the future, so that human beings who cannot but depend on them are not crushed by them, or even benefit from them. This is the teleological yardstick by which the Compliance Obligation is measured, and with it all the secondary obligations that give it concrete form, whatever their source and whatever the reason why the initial standard was adopted.
In order to define Compliance's Obligation, the contribution endeavours to recognise the contribution of all these three sources: Will, Heart and Calculation.
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🔓read the developments below ⤵️
June 20, 2024
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : V.-O. Dervieux, "Israël à Eurosatory : la justice éparpillée « façon puzzle » ?", Actu-Juridique.fr, 20 juin 2024.
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June 19, 2024
Thesaurus : 02. Cour de cassation
June 19, 2024
Thesaurus : Soft Law
► Référence complète : Commission d'enquête du Sénat, Les moyens mobilisés et mobilisables par l’État pour assurer la prise en compte et le respect par le groupe TotalEnergies des obligations climatiques et des orientations de la politique étrangère de la France, juin 2024, 350 p.
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📓lire les comptes rendus des auditions
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