The recent news

Référence : Frison-Roche, M.-A., Personnage du "Juge Unique" dans le procès pour s'amuser Procès de Denis Mazeaud. 

Initiative des étudiants de Denis Mazeaud et plus particulièrement de l'Association Les As d'Assas. 

Il faut bien se mettre à 6 ou 7, pour tenter de mettre en difficulté l'As des As qu'est Denis Mazeaud...

L'ensemble des mises en accusation par les uns et les autres puis contre chaque réquisitoire la défense par Denis Mazeaud de Denis Mazeaud (qui n'a pas voulu d'avocat) a lieu de 16h30 à 17h15.

Membres de la Cour, avant que l'accusé - qui ne connaissait rien de son dossier ni des juges qui lui avaient été préparés - rien :

Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, présidente et juge unique

Jean-Sébastien Borghetti, professeur à Paris 2

Pierre Seydoux, directeur honoraire du Recueil Dalloz

Lire plus d'informations sur le site de l'Association. 

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Dans un procès pour rire contre Denis, que chacun des accusateurs prit soin de peindre en noir pour qu'il en voit de toutes les couleurs afin de mieux rayonner comme il me mérite, ma place était la plus facile.

Etant juge, et juge unique (juge unique, juge inique), j'ai pu encore plus le traiter mal, sans plus de ménagement que les autres.

J'ai pu ainsi rappelé afin que nul n'ignore ses méfaits que lors du concours d'agrégation que nous passâmes ensemble, concurrents donc, il y avait un troisième candidat (hors de la cause ici, heureusement pour lui..., en la personne de Rémy Cabrillac....), au lieu de suivre la règle implicite de "chacun pour soi et si tu perds je gagne", nous avons tous trois fait à trois la Leçon de 24 heures de chacun. 

C'est ainsi que Denis commit le méfait de m'apporter tous son talent à cette leçon-là, où le théâtre a plus sa place que dans la Leçon de spécialité. L'on raconte qu'à cette leçon-là j'ai eu une note astronomique ... Denis, Denis, quelle idée d'apporter aux concurrents tout son talent ... C'est très mal de ne pas jouer la "loi du marché des idées" ...

D'ailleurs pour sa défense (très faible, vous pourrez en juger), Denis affirma que c'est bien pour ça qu'on l'appelle "Mazeaud" et qu'à la réflexion dans l'effet de couple que nous avions formé alors et continuons à faire, c'est bien "Sado" que je mériterai de porter ...

D'ailleurs cela me rappela que le thème que le hasard avait choisi pour moi, et donc pour nous trois (Denis, Rémy et moi-même) pour tordre le cou à cette leçon de 24h heures était : L'autorité. 

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Regarder le montage video qui en a été fait par les As d'Assas.

Résumé de la leçon : L'Europe est avant tout et pour l'instant encore une construction juridique. Elle fut pendant longtemps avant tout la construction d'un marché, conçu politiquement comme un espace de libre circulation (des personnes, des marchandises, des capitaux). C'est pourquoi le Droit de la Concurrence est son ADN et demeure le coeur de la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne, qui tient désormais l'équilibre entre les diverses institutions, par exemple la Banque Centrale Européenne, dont les décisions peuvent être attaquées devant elle. Mais aujourd'hui le Droit de l'Union européenne se tourne vers d'autres buts que la "liberté", laquelle s'exprime dans l'immédiat, notamment la "stabilité", laquelle se développe dans le temps. C'est pourquoi la Banque y prend un si grande importance. 

En outre, face aux "libertés" les "droits" montent en puissance : c'est par les institutions juridiques que l'Europe trouve de plus en plus son unité, l'Europe économique et financière (l'Union européenne) et l'Europe des droits humains (le Conseil de l'Europe au sein duquel s'est déployée la Cour européenne des droits de l'Homme) exprimant les mêmes principes. C'est bien à travers une décision prenant appui sur le Droit de la concurrence que la Commission européenne le 18 juillet 2018 a obligé Google à concrétiser le "droit d'accès" à des entreprises innovantes, apte à faire vivre l'écosystème numérique, tandis que le Régulateur financier doit respecter les "droits de la défense" des personnes qu'il sanctionne.

Aujourd'hui à côté de l'Europe économique se développe en même temps par des textes une Europe bancaire et financière (on ne sait pas si par le Droit - par exemple le droit de la propriété intellectuelle - existera une Europe industrielle).La crise a fait naître l'Europe bancaire et financière. L'Union bancaire est issue de Règlements communautaires du 23 novembre 2010 établissant des sortes de "régulateurs européens" (ESMA, EBA, EIOPA) qui donnent une certaine unité aux marchés financiers qui demeurent nationaux, tandis que les entreprises de marché, entreprises privées en charge d'une mission de régulation, continuent leur déploiement selon des techniques de droit privé. L'Union bancaire est née d'une façon plus institutionnelle encore, par trois piliers qui assurent un continuum européen entre la prévention des crises, la résolution des crises et la garantie des dépôts. En cela, l'Europe bancaire est devenue fédérale. 

Sur les marchés de capitaux, des instruments financiers et des titres, l'Union européenne a utilisé le pouvoir que lui confère depuis la jurisprudence Costa et grâce au processus Lamfallussy d'une sorte de "création continuée" pour injecter en permanence de nouvelles règles perfectionnant et unifiant les marchés nationaux. C'est désormais au niveau européen qu'est conçu la répression des abus de marché mais aussi l'information des investisseurs, comme le montre la réforme en cours dite "Prospectus 3". A l'initiative de la Commission Européenne, les textes sont produits en "paquet" car ils correspondent à des "plan d'action " . Cette façon de légiférer est désormais emprunté en droit français, par exemple par la loi dite PACTE du 29 avril 2019. Cette loi vise - en se contredisant parfois - à produire plus de concurrence, d'innovation, à attirer l'argent sur des marchés dont l'objectif est aussi la sécurité, notion d'égale importance que la liberté, jadis seul pilier du Droit économique. Conçue par les but, La loi est définitivement un "instrument", et un instrument parmi d'autres, la Cour de Justice tenant l'équilibre entre les buts, les instruments et les institutions.

La question du "régulateur" devient plus incertaine : la BCE est plus un "superviseur" qu'un "régulateur" ; le plan d'action pour une Europe des marchés de capitaux ne prévoit pas de régulateur, visant un capitalisme traditionnelle pour les petites entreprises (sorte de small businesses Act européen)

• Accéder aux slides servant de support à la leçon sur le Droit européen de la Régulation bancaire et financière

• Revenir aux bases avec le Dictionnaire bilingue du Droit de la Régulation et de la Compliance

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• Approfondir par la Bibliographie générale du Droit de la Régulation bancaire et financière

Revenir à la présentation générale du cours

Se reporter au plan général du cours

Utiliser les matériaux ci-dessous pour aller plus loin et préparer votre conférence de méthode.

►  Full Reference : Frison-Roche, M.-A., The Economic Attractiveness of Impartiality ("L'attractivité économique de l'impartialité"), in ""Economic Attractiveness, Judge Office and Impartiality. Thinking the judge Office" ("L'attractivité économique, l'office du juge et l'impartialité. Penser l'office du juge"), 

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🎥 watch the conference (in French with English subtitles)

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📝 read the colloquium program ( in French)

📝 see the general program of the cycle on the Judge Office.

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📝 read François Ancel's article of 14th of January 2021 in the Receuil Dalloz and which report this colloquium (in French) 

📝 read the Working Paper, basis of this conference.

This Working Paper is significantly different from the conference because it was conceived befor the colloquia cycle beginning. In addition, since this manifestation was a Round Table, the conference has taken more into account previous conferences and what said the other two speakers.

📊 see the slides, basis of the conference (in French)

The slides could not be shown during the conference. Orally, it was appropriate to more develop the introductory remarks for emphasizing the human and unique dimension of the Judge Office, expected in economic matters. As a result, the second part of the conference was not given orally, so slides therefore remain the only media available.

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►  Summary of the conference : To fit into the ambition of this general colloquia cycle, which is to "Think the Judge Office" and in this round table which apprehends the imperative of economic attractiveness of this office, firstly emerges the seemingly contradictory relationship between this imperative and the distance that the judge must maintain. Thus it is often asserted that the judge should be internalized at this point in the "places", - an economic concept of great scope (to which the first part of the introduction is devoted, defining the "place" at the same time as a closed and porous space and as a "systemic litigant" -, that he/she should ipso facto lose his/her distance, that is to say his/her impartiality. As places are in competition, even if weighing on one hand the effectiveness of the place, and on the other hand the impartiality of a judge who is external to this place - Judge referring to the Law , Impartiality would necessarily emerge weakened. It would then be necessary on a case-by-case basis to get the judge to give the desired concessions...

The conference aim is to take the opposite position and to state that the Place - in particular because they must be strongly distinguished from the Markets, of which they were the ancestors - require a Judge, who is at the same time "singular", that is to say with a personality, a face, opinions, and in distance so that his/her imagination does not surprise Place. Indeed, these require a human Justice, and a not mechanical one and singular judges, of whom the juge des référés or the arbitrator are the epigone, meets this need. But for reducing their "margins of discretion", how Economy qualifies the Impartiality of a person who can never be neutral, the singular Judge's Office must be inserted into mechanisms reducing these margins. In this way, the Place may reach a Judge who is always more impartial, and in doing so the Place becomes always more attractive.

To achieve this in practice, the place expresses two legitimate expectations, as a "systemic litigant", whose satisfaction increases and the singular Judge's Impartiality and increases the Attractiveness of the Place as a space. This clearly shows that the Place's Attractiveness and the Judge's Impartiality, because judges are inserted into procedures, into institutions and into a "jurisdictional family", are not only not contradictory, but are on the contrary convergent, one fueling the other.

Concretely, and judicial practice shows it, it is necessary to consolidate the particular Judge's Impartiality by inserting him/her into collective processes. As it is necessary to promote a radiance of Impartiality by strengthening the "jurisdictional family".

To consolidate the singular Judge's Impartiality  by inserting him/her into collective processes, it is necessary to admit without hesitation the subjectivity of the judge, to seek it even. The reduction of the margins of discretion, definition of impartiality, being obtained by the inclusion of the judge in a procedure of which he /her alone is the master but in which he/her is not alone. This has the technical consequence that he/her is himself/herself in an adversarial debate, not only during the proceedings, but also before (in the media), inside the judgment (and the decision of the Criminal Chamber of 25 November 2020 is a model of that) and after the judgment. By that, the Judge shows that by his/her office he/she is in the future, as climate justice will show. In addition, to limit his/her margins of discretion, the singular judge must fit into a rational principle of coherence, vertical and horizontal. Vertical coherence, because he/she integrates what it is said and the technique of the "determining opinion" is to be encouraged, the singular judge having to avoid it only if he/she has "strong reasons" to do it. This is to follow  this general rule Comply or Explain (which is the very opposite of blind obedience). Horizontal coherence, because the singular judge either sticks to what he/she said, estoppel also being a rule of logic. But above all, the institution must extract as much as possible from " institutional doctrines", by all means, of which the annual reports are an example.

To consolidate the singular Judge's Impartiality by strengthening the notion and reality of the "Jurisdictional Family", it is necessary to have of it a broader conception, which could lead to "guidelines" common to various jurisdictions, and a stronger one, by integrating those surrounding the judge to lead to judgment. In this, the procedure before the Court of Justice of the European Union, working on a common file, is a model. If this community were even stronger, the Judge Office would be even more useful than it is already in the digital space.

Thus, Judges who are always human, always diverse, always singular, who listen, consider and adjust to the situation, who within a Jurisdictional Family fit into an Institutional Doctrine which transcends and supports them but which they transform if there is a strong reason to do so, a reason always expressed said: this is the embodied Impartiality that makes an economic and financial Place attractive.

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Full reference: Frison-Roche, M.-A., "Let's Use the Power of GAFAMs in the Service of General Interest!" ("Utilisons la puissance des GAFAMs au service de l'intérêt général!"), interview done by Olivia Dufour, Actu-juridiques Lextenso, 11st of January 2021

Read the interview (in French)

To read the article translated in English by us, read the working paper on which this interview is based

Summary of the interview by Olivia Dufour:

Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Professor of Regulation and Compliance Law, reported to the government in 2019 about Internet governance. For this expert, giving a disciplinary power to GAFAMs is the only effective solution. And the suppression of Donald Trump's account is not likely to call this analysis into question.

The three questions (translated in English here by ourselves) asked by Olivia Dufour are: 

• The deletion of Donald Trump's Twitter account arouses strong emotions on social networks, and not only among his supporters. What do you think about this ?
• However, this incident does raise concern. Are we not giving too much power to these private companies? This raises the question in France of the relevance of the Avia system ...
• Should we therefore resolve by default to give our freedoms to private and opaque mastodons?

Read the answers to these three questions (in French)

To go further, especially about the logics that guide the Avia system, see:

• Frison-Roche, M.-A., "Hate on internet: we need to responsibilize digital operators" ("Haine sur internet: il faut responsabiliser les opérateurs numériques"), 2020
• Frison-Roche, M.-A., The contribution of Compliance Law to Internet Governance, report to Government, 2019

Référence complète : Frison-Roche, M.-A., Environnemental Compliance Law, as an Ex Ante Responsability, for an annexe in a French Report on the liability for the environmental Damages, for the European Commission, janvier 2021. 

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Without warning neither the people who publish, nor the Internet users who react to their activity of publishing,

the magazine Compliances carried out a manual survey of people active on Linkedin on the subject of COMPLIANCE

this resulted in the following table, presented as the "Top 10 influencers" in this area:

It emerges from this initiative taken by a third party, on a third professional network, that MAFR is by far the first personality in this ranking,

Not just when it comes to people who follow the posts

But still in terms of number of publications and above all of interactions generated by them.

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N.B .: the information on the creation of the Compliance Legal Design collection had not yet been made on December 11, 2020 on LinkedIn.

This Working Paper has been the basis for the first conference of the two conferences in the colloquium in Toulouse (France) under the scientific direction of Lucien Rapp, about Les incitations, outils de la Compliance ("Incitations, as Compliance Tools"), on December 12, 2019, the first one about The sanction as incitation and the second one about Incitations and Compliance Law (synthesis of this colloquium). 

Then, it has been the basis for the article, to be published in the books Les outils de la Compliance and Compliance Tools in the Series Régulations & Compliance.

Read a general presentation of this book.  

Summary and Introduction of this Working Paper: At first glance, Compliance and Incentives appear to be totally opposite. For two major reasons. In the first place, because the sanctions have a central place in the Law of Compliance and the incentives suppose an absence of constraint on the operators. Secondly, because the incentives are linked to self-regulation and that Compliance Law assumes a strong presence of public authorities. Taking the first reason, one should choose: either Compliance or Incentives! Either the effectiveness of one or the effectiveness of the others; either the techniques of one or the techniques of others; either the philosophy of one or the philosophy of the others. Resign oneself to the loss that such a necessary choice would involve. But to put the terms thus amounts to think poorly about the situations and reduce the fields of the solutions which they call for. If we take a rich definition of Compliance Law, it is possible on the contrary to articulate Compliance and Incentives. From this perspective, sanctions can no longer become what blocks the use of incentives but, on the contrary, what constitutes them. Even more, the coupling between Incentives and the requirements of Compliance Law must be strongly encouraged, as soon as the public authorities supervise in Ex Ante all the initiatives taken by the "crucial operators". 

This working document deals with the first issue!footnote-2045. Indeed, the so-called incentive theory targets mechanisms that do not directly use coercion. They would therefore have little place in Compliance Law. But Compliance seems saturated with sanction procedures. We can even say that it seems to put them at the center, the public authorities presenting the number of sanctions as a sign of success, while the companies seem obsessed with their prospects, the two concerns ending in such a strange convergence that are the D.P.O...

An honest observer can only feel immediately uneasy. Indeed, he can only raise the definition of the sanction as a "constraint" triggered Ex Post, at the very heart of Compliance Law which is presented as a set of Ex Ante mechanisms. Based on this contradiction in terms, should we give up the association and think that it would be wrong against the spirit to think of the sanction as an incentive?

It is undoubtedly in this connection that one perceives most clearly the clash of two cultures, which do not communicate, while technically they apply to the same situations. Indeed, because Compliance was firstly designed by Finance, everything is a tool for it. Therefore, the tendancy to think about the sanction only as an incentive is very strong in Compliance Law. It manifests itself continuously and will not stop (I). But whatever the reasons are to conceive it this way, the principles of the Rule of Law cannot disappear and if we do not want them to be erased, then they must be articulated (II). It’s an essential adjustment.

This is why we can literally say that Compliance has set Criminal Law on fire by its conception, logical but closed in on itself, of sanctions as simple incentives. For Law to remain, however, it is necessary to hold a very firm definition of Compliance Law centered on its Monumental Goal, which is the protection of the person.

This working document serves as the basis for two conference given in the symposium made under the direction of Lucien Rapp, Les incitations, outils de la Compliance ("Incitations: Compliance Tools").

Référence : Frison-Roche, M.-A., Compliance et Incitations : un couple à propulser, in Faculté de droit de l'Université Toulouse-Capitole, et Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC),Les incitations, outils de la Compliance, 12 décembre 2019, Toulouse. 

This Working Paper has been the basis for two conferences in the colloquium in Toulouse (France) under the scientific direction of Lucien Rapp, about Les incitations, outils de la Compliance ("Incitations, as Compliance Tools"), on December 12, 2019, the first one about The sanction as incitation and the second one about Incitations and Compliance Law (synthesis of this colloquium). sur le thème de la sanction comme incitation, la seconde en synthèse de ce colloque sur 

After it has been the basis for the article, to be published in the books Les outils de la Compliance and Compliance Tools in the Series Régulations & Compliance.

Read a general presentation of this book.  

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Summary of this Working Paper: Compliance and Incentives appear at first glance to be totally opposite. Not only because sanctions are at the heart of Compliance and that sanction is associated with constraint while incentive is associated with non-constrained!footnote-2044, but also because incentives are linked to self-regulation and that Compliance Law requires a strong presence of public authorities. Thus, one should choose: either Compliance or Incentives! Either the effectiveness of one or the effectiveness of the others; either the techniques of one, or the techniques of others; either the philosophy of one or the philosophy of the others. Resign yourself to the waste that such a necessary choice would involve. But putting the terms thus is thinking poorly about the situations and reducing the fields of the solutions which they call for. If we take a rich definition of Compliance Law, we can on the contrary articulate Compliance and Incentives.

To do this, the concept of “incentive Compliance” should be developed. This concept is not only appropriate, but it is necessary in a new conception of Sovereignty. For example for the digital Europe.

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Read the developments below.