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Jan. 8, 2019

Publications

This working document is the basis for a conference held in Nice on February 4, 2020.
 
Refer to the presentation of the conference, in particular to the slides which are the support of its presentation.
 
The working document is also the underlying of the article to appear in the book: Compliance Tools..
 
Summary of the Working Paper. The link between Law and History is so often emphasized, also between Law and Society, but very little between Law and Geography. Braudel does not have enough emulators in the matter. However Pascal affirmed as an observation that the legal rules are not the same below and beyond the Pyrenees. Montesquieu in the new formulation which he proposes of the Theory of climates, gives to the observation of the variety of systems and their correlation with geography a more normative turn. Human beings would be different according to the regions and by the effect of time a difference of nature appears which implies that one should not conceive the same rule according to the zones of the world. Everyone often talk about Montesquieu and affirms the good idea to return to his conception on the art of designing Law. Why not use this specifif theory  in matters of Compliance Law, globally applied since the climates are so different? All the more if we take more literally the reference to "climate", to different climates and we have in mind the now very strong link between Law and environmental policies on the one hand and the tools of Compliance Law on the other hand (like the so-called "green finance").
 
If we have to do it with caution, we can already do it as an exercise, if only to test the way we design and apply Compliance tools without ever thinking about the differences in latitude, which are neither hot nor cold to artificial intelligences.
 
It is certainly with great caution that we should move forward but by expressing more consideration for the essential relationships between Law, Compliance and Geography. This consideration must be not just a simple indicator that ultimately comes in the risk mapping and in the programs compliance, If we pay attention, then firstly this avoids two pitfalls (I). The first is to avoid giving all the space to tools that do not integrate this geographic dimension, by reducing what Compliance itself is. This risk of giving too little importance to the geographic dimension in the design and use of Compliance tools (A) can take three forms. Indeed if we reduce Compliance to being only a "procedure" aiming to mechanically ensure the entreprise "conformity" to "regulation" (1), then this literally meaningless definition can apply everywhere and to everyone. But is Compliance Law just that? It is notably to ignore its normative teleological character. The second exclusion from geographic relevance, which similarly signals a poor vision of Compliance, consists in entrusting the entire mechanics of Compliance to platforms and algorithms, by which machines "talk" and would be able to "develop standards" (2) . If Compliance is only data capture, storage and correlation, this is conceivable. But the "ground" where the weak signals are perceived, memorized, where the standards are "internalized, shows that it varies according to the zones. As such, the idea of" regulation by data ", promoted by many regulations and Regulators deserves be more careful because the information does not make the decision by itself, Compliance Law remaining from Ex Ante with humans who decide for the future. Similarly, Compliance Law takes shape in companies, either all (about corruption, worker security), or those of certain sectors (banks for money laundering) or of a certain size (vigilance mechanisms). When it is assumed that the compliance standards, embodied by internal controls, are the same for all of the locations of the so-called "global" company (3), is this not a somewhat outdated vision of the company? While we question the State, because too hierarchical, this is the board of the company which sometimes imposes via its private regulatory power the same standard, fixed on the West .....
 
But once alerted on this first type of pitfall is to better guard against another type of pitfall. It is the reverse. Indeed, we must be careful not to give too much importance to the geographic dimension in the design and use that we have of Compliance tools (B).  It is not appropriate to draw boundaries between Compliance systems, since Compliance has given rise to a new Law branch, strongly linked to the phenomenon known as "globalization" (1). However, not only can we observe the permanence of these borders, on which international settlement systems run up, but we note that Compliance Law allows the construction of new walls, against which we could do nothing. While there is a war between exported local Compliances, of which that of the United States is the most conspicuous because its voice carries the most, but it is above all a defeat of the Law, but about which we tends to confuse the part and the whole (2).
 
Once we have tried to regain our senses a little, it could be possible to classify Compliance tools because the Compliance techniques, as soon as we want them substantial, that is to say built on the goals that their power can actually achieve, have an immense field of action which means that we must at the same time identify general but concrete rules. To find the right relationship between Compliance Law and Geography (II), we can propose a triptych. In the first place, there is undoubtedly what concerns technical information and conservation methods, where we can accelerate by passing stages of development and pass directly to detection techniques, without worrying about keeping in the geographic place what appears there before mais is not useful (A). Then by focusing on the normativity of Compliance, that is to say the different goals pursued, it turns out that some are certainly objectively anchored in the geography of an area, which finds particularly its relevance in terms of environment, but have effects that pass the Pyrenees dear to Pascal, which justifies global compliance requirements, as shown in the case of the Amazon, which is a "crucial object" (B). 
Even more, if we put some hope in Compliance Law and that the monumental goal pursued by it is of a political nature and not only technical, Compliance being what sustains and not what replaces Politics , it is therefore necessary to assume the Ex Ante Responsibility carried by Compliance through the concept of Vigilance. This is taking place. What is yet to be devised is to improve the very definition of what Compliance Tools are ; for the moment, maybe they are too abrupt, too violent. In this, they must be conceived not as violence - however legitimate they may be, but as a "path", which the texts of energy "transition" show us. The company then becomes the supervisor of others to bring them from one state to another, as we can see about invest banking (C). Law as a "path" and not as a prescription, it is Kanak Law which shows us the example.  Sure that Montesquieu would appreciate it. 
 

Jan. 8, 2019

Blog

La collection Droit & Economie sort son 33ième volume. 

Il est consacré à l'Europe, c'est-à-dire à l'amitié franco-allemande, puisqu'aujourd'hui c'est sur cette amitié-là que l'on peut croire encore à l'Europe.

Si l'on a une vision politique des espaces, alors c'est la notion d'amitié qui doit ressortir.

C'est autour d'elle que Bruno Le Maire a construit sa préface : lire la préface que le ministre de l'économie et des finances a fait à l'ouvrage. 

Jan. 2, 2019

Publications

 Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "What can Compliance Law build relying on the European Humanist Tradition", Working Paper, January 2019.

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This working paper has served as a basis for an article published in French in the collective publication Pour une Europe de la Compliance in the serie Regulation & Compliance.

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Compliance is often presented as a complex, technical, almost incomprehensible set, in that it consists only of empty and moving procedures, mechanical corpus about which the goal would be a question that would not arise.

The question of the purpose of these huge compliance devices might not even have to be asked. And this for two reasons.

Firstly it would only be a matter of following "processes", that is, mechanical and endless procedures. This conception of compliance is often called "kafkaes". Closer to closer, one thinks first of all of the book written by Kafka's The trial l and Welles' adaptation to the cinema in which the charcters are surrounded by walls that are narrowing around them, but it is rather to his novel In the penal colony that must be thought, that is to say to a procedural system of isolation which we do not understand the foundation, which makes it without foundation and without end but also which takes mainly the form of a machine in which the person is placed and which mechanically writes the Law on and under the skin of his back. This internalization of the rule in the body of the condemned - that the French legal system before the French Revolution associated only with "enormous crimes" - being the ordinary way of actual and ordinary application of the rules can correspond to a certain vision of the Compliance, detached from any purpose.

The question of the purpose of Compliance may also not have to arise for a second reason, almost the opposite: they would always be devices that are specific to particular sectors. Thus, the banking sector, the insurance sector, the drug sector, the agri-food sector, the telecommunications sector, the energy sector, etc. Then the opposite happens: too many goals! Since each of these sectors has specificities such that it includes purposes that are specific to each of them. For example continuity for energy, access information for telecommunications, control of systemic risk for banking and finance, protection and secret for private information, etc. Now, either these ends so diverse are indifferent to each other, or they can contradict each other. Therefore, to ask the question of the purpose of compliance mechanisms would be to move to the stitution of not even trying to understand "processes" to be exceeded by too many substantial purposes pursued at the same time and in contradictorily senses ... .

This is why the question of the purpose of the Compliance is not asked in a main way. Even less if it is superimposed with another goal that is the European construction ....

But on the contrary, if we confront this question of the aims of the Compliance Mechanisms by crossing it with another issue, older but also under construction, namely the question of Europe, it is possible to make an alliance of these two difficulties to transform them as an asset. That one can help the other. Indeed, both Europe and Compliance in their current states are two constructs with uncertain goals or behaviors most often only "reactive" (I). If we do not want to mobilize all our strength to limit our weakness, which leads rather to feed it, we can go draw on the unity of this Europe so diverse but which finds it unity in the protection of the human being by the very idea of ​​"person". However, Compliance Law can have the same unity, despite the diversity of sectors, and thus fill the meaning of these multiple procedures, providing the balance between information and secrets, circulation of data and conservation of that they concern, common and dialectic purpose that this European Compliance Law. in the process of being constituted can give the world an example in relying on the European tradition  (II)

Dec. 24, 2018

Law by Illustrations

Le Droit n'est fait que de mots. L'essentiel est donc de les ranger (exercice de qualification) pour que se déclenche à propos d'eux un régime juridique, par exemple la liberté, l'autorisation ou l'interdiction.

Prenons un exemple américain, un exemple chéri par cette culture-là : le port d'arme.

Un juge fédéral de New-York a rendu une Ordonnance le 14 décembre 2018 à propos de la qualification juridique d'un nunchaku!footnote-1399  posant que sa détention par une personne à son domicile ne peut être prohibée par un Etat car l'individu exerce en cela son droit constitutionnel du port d'arme, tel que défini par la Cour suprême. En cela, il donne raison au demandeur qui contestait une disposition législative interdisant la détention par un individu de ce type d'arme.

En effet en 1974 l'Etat de New-York a interdit leur fabrication, leur transport, leur stockage, leur possession. 35 ans après, un juge estime que ce texte, tel qu'il est rédigé, est contraire au droit constitutionnel de porter une arme, ce qui anéantit la prohibition.

Pourquoi ?

 

En effet, la distinction expressément soutenue par le demandeur entre la possession à domicile d'une arme inusuelle pour inventer un nouvel art martial n'a pas été retenue en tant que telle, mais bien plutôt une démonstration probatoire qui oblige l'Etat qui prohibe un port d'arme à supporter (puisqu'il porte atteinte à une liberté constitutionnelle)  la charge de prouver que le port de cette arme n'est pas une façon pour un individu ordinaire d'être en mesure de l'utiliser conformément à la loi, par exemple pour se défendre (I). On aurait pourtant pu concevoir une définition plus stricte de ce qu'est une "arme", au moment même où la distinction entre les armes de défense et les armes d'assaults justifie des interdictions nouvelles et que ce dernier type d'argument a convaincu des juges fédéraux (II). Mais n'est-ce pas plutôt parce qu'aujourd'hui on oublie Bruce Lee et que cet américain moyen, qui a la mémoire courte - auquel se réfère le juge - n'est pas Tarantino, qui a la mémoire longue, comme tout cinéphile  ? (III).

 

 

Dec. 20, 2018

Blog

Dans la collection Droit & Economie , l'ouvrage qui vient de paraître sous la direction d' Aurore Laget-Annamayer sur L'ordre public économique, va enfin répondre à la question !

C'est ce qu'espère tout lecteur, car chacun d'entre nous a été confronté à cet "ordre public économique", dont on ne sait pas vraiment et par exemple son degré d'autonomie par rapport à l'Ordre public au sens général et au fonctionnement de l'économie, qui paraît parfois la nouvelle "Loi du Monde", même si l'on a pu s'y essayer ..., analysant l'ordre public économique comme des "octrois" à l'entrée des marchés, puissance du Droit à imposer dans une économie libérale des soucis non-économiques, conception récusée dans cet ouvrage par Pascal Idoux qui estime qu'une conception seule est plus sûre. Celle développée par Pierre Delvolvé, faisant lien entre ordre public économique et police, a ce grand avantage.

Dec. 19, 2018

Blog

Portalis aurait-il pu imaginer cela, tandis qu'il concevait son Discours préliminaire au Code civil ?

Tandis qu'au bout de la table de travail Napoléon écoutait les 6 jurisconsultes construire ce qui fût appelé la "Constitution civile" de la France, aurait-il pu imaginer cela ?

Une directive se prépare pour établir un "Code européen des communications électroniques". 

A lire ce texte, l'on ne retrouve rien de ce qui est si souvent décrit comme "l'art de la codification", ce qui distinguerait - au sens fort du terme - le Droit continental - des autres systèmes. 

Il convient donc de décrire ce que sera ce "Code européen des communications" (I) avant de se demander ce qu'il aurait pu être ...(II)

Dec. 3, 2018

Teachings : Sectoral Regulatory Law 2019-2020

Cet enseignement se déroule au semestre de printemps 2019, à la suite du cours semestriel qui a porté sur le "Droit commun de la Régulation".

Comme pour celui-ci, il est entièrement assuré par Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, professeur d'Université, titulaire à Sciences po.

Comme les étudiants qui n'ont pas suivi ce cours, il est important de se reporter au matériau du cours de Droit commun de la Régulation.  Dans la mesure où il est le prolongement de ce cours qui, en raison des nombreux retours des principes de droit commun dans diverses matières juridiques, s'est souvent éloigné du Droit de la Régulation, cette consultation peut demeurer utile même pour les étudiants ayant suivi ce premier cours.

Ce Cours de Droit sectoriel de la Régulation fait place à la "régulation du numérique", bien que l'espace digital ne puisse plus guère être analysé comme un "secteur", ni en conséquence sa régulation comme une "régulation sectorielle". Cette question sera reprise dans le semestre 3 d'automne dans le cours-séminaire de Compliance Law (en anglais). 

Ce livret détaille la façon dont les étudiants, qui suivent cet enseignement situé dans l'École d'affaires publiques de Science po, sont évalués afin de valider cet enseignement. Il précise la charge du travail qui est demandé.

Les thèmes des  leçons qui composent successivement  le cours sont énumérés. Comme il s'agit d'une perspective thématique les bibliographies sont insérées dans les leçons et non plus dans une bibliographie générale, laquelle allait de soi pour la présentation du "Droit commun de la Régulation" et peut continuer un intérêt dans une perspective sectorielle..

A partir de ce livret, chaque document propre à chaque leçon est accessible.

Voir ci-dessous plus de détails sur chacun de ces points, ainsi que la liste des leçons et les annales des sujets d'examen.

Dec. 3, 2018

Teachings : Droit de la régulation bancaire et financière, semestre de printemps 2019

Ce livret de cours décrit le contenu,  la méthodologie et les objectifs du cours magistral de Droit de la Régulation bancaire et financière., tel qu'il se déroule au semestre de printemps 2019.

Le cours magistral est assuré par Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, professeur des Universités, titulaire à Sciences po.

Par aileurs sont assurées des conférences assurées par des maîtres de conférence.

Pour faciliter l'assimilation des techniques juridiques articulées à des techniques économiques et financières, est disponible un Dictionnaire bilingue de Droit de la Régulation et de la Compliance, en permanence disponible et actualisé.

Le livret détaille la façon dont les étudiants, qui suivent cet enseignement,  situé dans le semestre de printemps de la première année du Master Finance et Stratégie de Science po, sont évalués afin de valider ce module. Il précise la charge du travail requis.

Les thèmes des 6 leçons qui composent le cours d'amphi sont énumérés.

Les lectures demandées sont précisées, appuyées sur une bibliographie générale, de la même façon que les sites pertinents sont indiqués.

Se reporter au Plan du cours

Lire une présentation détaillée de l'enseignement ci-dessous.