Le projet de loi de Finance a . proposé au Parlement de voter un article 57 dont l'intitulé est : Possibilité pour les administrations fiscales et douanières de collecter et exploiter les données rendues publiques sur les sites internet des réseaux sociaux et des opérateurs de plateformes. 

Son contenu est en l'état du texte voté à l'Assemblée Nationale le suivant :

"(1) I. - A titre expérimental et pour une durée de trois ans, pour les besoins de la recherche des infractions mentionnées aux b et c du 1 de l'article 1728, aux articles 1729, 1791, 1791 ter, aux 3°, 8° et 10° de l’article 1810 du code général des impôts, ainsi qu’aux articles 411, 412, 414, 414-2 et 415 du code des douanes, l’administration fiscale et l’administration des douanes et droits indirects peuvent, chacune pour ce qui la concerne, collecter et exploiter au moyen de traitements informatisés et automatisés n’utilisant aucun système de reconnaissance faciale les contenus, librement accessibles, publiés sur internet par les utilisateurs des opérateurs de plateforme en ligne mentionnés au 2° du I de l'article L. 111-7 du code de la consommation.

(2) Les traitements mentionnés au premier alinéa sont mis en œuvre par des agents spécialement habilités à cet effet par les administrations fiscale et douanière.

(3) Lorsqu’elles sont de nature à concourir à la constatation des infractions mentionnées au premier alinéa, les données collectées sont conservées pour une durée maximale d’un an à compter de leur collecte et sont détruites à l’issue de ce délai. Toutefois, lorsqu’elles sont utilisées dans le cadre d'une procédure pénale, fiscale ou douanière, ces données peuvent être conservées jusqu’au terme de la procédure.

(4) Les autres données sont détruites dans un délai maximum de trente jours à compter de leur collecte.

(5) Le droit d'accès aux informations collectées s'exerce auprès du service d'affectation des agents habilités à mettre en œuvre les traitements mentionnés au deuxième alinéa dans les conditions prévues par l'article 42 de la loi n° 78-17 du 6 janvier 1978 relative à l'informatique, aux fichiers et aux libertés.

(6) Le droit d'opposition, prévu par l'article 38 de la même loi, ne s'applique pas aux traitements mentionnés au deuxième alinéa.

(7) Les modalités d'application du présent I sont fixées par décret en Conseil d’État.

(8) II. - L'expérimentation prévue au I fait l'objet d'une évaluation dont les résultats sont transmis au Parlement ainsi qu’à la Commission nationale de l’informatique et des libertés au plus tard six mois avant son terme."

Cette initiative a provoqué beaucoup de commentaires, plutôt réservés, même après les explications données par le ministre du Budget à l'Assemblée Nationale. 

Qu'en penser juridiquement ?

Car la situation est assez simple, c'est pourquoi elle est difficile : d'un côté, l'Etat va capter des informations personnelles sans l'autorisation des personnes concernées, ce qui est contraire à l'objet même de la loi de 1978, ce qui entraîne une pleine désapprobation ; de l'autre côté, l'administration obtient les informations pour poursuivre des infractions fiscales et douanières, ce qui concrétise l'intéret général lui-même.

Alors qu'en penser ?

Lire ci-dessous.

 It is often observed, even theorized, even advised and touted, that Compliance is a mechanism by which public authorities internalize political (eg environmental) concerns in big companies, which accept them, in Ex Ante, because they are rather in agreement with these "monumental goals" (eg saving the planet) and that this shared virtue is beneficial to their reputation. It is observed that this could be the most successful way in new configurations, such as digital.

But, and the Compliance Mechanism has often been brought closer to the contractual mechanism, this is only relevant if both parties are willing to do so. This is technically true, for example for the Deferred Prosecution, which requires explicit consent. This is true in a more general sense that the company wants to choose itself how to structure its organization to achieve the goals politically pursued by the State. Conversely, the compliance mechanisms work if the State is willing to admit the economic logic of the global private players and / or, if there are possible breaches, not to pursue its investigations and close the file it has opened, at a price more or less high.

But just say No.

As in contractual matters, the first freedom is negative and depends on the ability to say No.

The State can do it. But the company can do it too.

And Daimler just said No.

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Publicly, including through an article in the Wall Street Journal of June 28, 2019.

The company sets out in a warning to the market that it is the object of a requirement on the part of the German Motor Authority (Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt)  of an allegation of fraud, by the installation of a software, aimed at misleading instruments for measuring emissions of greenhouse gases on cars using diesel.

It is therefore an environmental compliance mechanism that would have been intentionally countered.

On this allegation, the Regulator both warns the company of what it considers to be a fact, ie compliance fraud, and attaches it to an immediate measure, namely the removal of the circulation of 42,000 vehicles sold or proposed by Daimler with such a device.

And the firm answers : "No".

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Which is probably only beginning, since a No ends the dialogue of Ex Ante to project in the Ex Post sanction procedures, calls 6 observations:

• 1. No doubt Daimler, a German car manufacturing company, has it in mind in this allegation of fraud calculating pollution of its diesel cars what happened to his competitor Volkswagen: namely a multi-billion dollar fine, for lack of compliance in a similar hypothesis (so-called dieselgate). The strategic choice that is then made depends on education through the experience of the company, which benefits as such from a previous case that has had a very significant cost. Thus educated, the question is to measure the risk taken to refuse any cooperation, when the company can anticipate that it will still result in such an amount ....

• 2. In addition, we find the difficulty of the distinction of Ex Ante and Ex Post. Indeed, saying No will involve for the company a cost of confrontation with the Regulator, then the peripheral jurisdictions or review courts. But in Germany, the Government itself, concerning a bank threatened with compliance proceedings and almost summoned by the US regulator to pay "of its own free will" a transactional fine, felt that this was not normal, because it must be the judges who punish, after a contradictory procedure with due process and after established facts. 

• 3.  However, this is only an allegation, of probable assertions, of what legally allows to continue, but which does not allow to condemn. The confusion between the burden of proof, which presupposes the obligation to prove the facts before being able to sanction, and the burden of the allegation, which only supposes to articulate plausibility before being able to prosecute, is very damaging, particularly if we are committed to the principles of Repressive Law, such as the presumption of innocence and the due process. This distinction between these two probationary charges is at the heart of the probatory system in the Compliance Law. Because Compliance Law always looks for more efficiency, tends to go from the first to the second, to give the Regulator more power, since businesses are so powerful ....

• 4. But the first question then arises: what is the nature no so much of the future measure to be feared, namely a sanction that could be taken later, against Daimler, if the breach is proven, or which will not be applied to the firm if the breach is not established; but what is the nature of the measure immediately taken, namely the return of 42,000 vehicles?

• This may seem like an Ex Ante measurement. Indeed, the Compliance assumes non-polluting cars. The Regulator may have indications that these cars are polluting and that the manufacturer has not made the necessary arrangements for them to be less polluting (Compliance) or even organized so that this failure is not detected ( Compliance fraud).

• This allegation suggests that there is a risk that thiese cars will polluting. They must immediately be removed from circulation for the quality of the environment. Here and now. The question of sanctions will arise after that, having its procedural apparatus of guarantees for the company that will be pursued. But see the situation on the side of the company: having to withdraw 42,000 vehicles from the market is a great damage and what is often called in Repressive Law a "security measure" taken while the evidence is not yet met could deserve a requalification in sanction. Jurisprudence is both abundant and nuanced on this issue of qualification.

• 5. So to withdraw these cars, it is for the company to admit that it is guilty, to increase itself the punishment. And if at this game, taken from the "cost-benefit", as much for the company immediately assert to the market that this requirement of Regulation is unfounded in Law, that the alleged facts are not exacts, and that all this the judges will decide. It is sure at all whether these statements by the company are true or false, but before a Tribunal no one thinks they are true prima facie, they are only allegations.
•  And before a Court, a Regulator appears to have to bear a burden of proof in so far as he has to defend the order he has issued, to prove the breach which he asserts exists, which justifies the exercise he made of his powers. The fact that he exercises his power for the general interest and impartially does not diminish this burden of proof.

• 6. By saying "No", Daimler wants to recover this classic Law, often set aside by Compliance Law, classic Law based on burden of proof, means of proof, and prohibition of punitive measures - except imminent and future imminente and very serious damages  - before 'behavior could be sanctioned following a sanction procedure.
• Admittedly, one would be tempted to make an analogy with the current situation of Boeing whose aircraft are grounded by the Regulator in that he considers that they do not meet the conditions of safety, which the aircraft manufacturer denies , Ex Ante measurement that resembles the retraction measure of the market that constitutes the recall request of cars here operated.
• But the analogy does not work on two points. Firstly, flight activity is a regulated activity that can only be exercised with the Ex Ante authorization of several Regulators, which is not the case for offering to sell cars or to drive with. This is where Regulatory Law and Compliance Law, which often come together, here stand out.Secundly, the very possibility that planes of which it is not excluded that they are not sure is enough, as a precaution, to prohibit their shift. Here (about the cars and the measure of the pollution by them), it is not the safety of the person that is at stake, and probably not even the overall goal of the environment, but the fraud with respect to the obligation to obey Compliance. Why force the withdrawal of 42,000 vehicles? If not to punish? In an exemplary way, to remind in advance and all that it costs not to obey the Compliance? And there, the company says: "I want a judge".

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