Feb. 2, 2023
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: B. Silliman, "Secret professionnel et coopération : les leçons de procédure tirées de l’expérience américaine pour une application universelle" ("Privilege and cooperation, procedural lessons learned from the U.S for global application"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2023, p. 231-234.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► English summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): The French legal system is evolving, organizing interaction between lawyers with regulators and prosecutors, especially in investigations about corruption or corporate misconduct, adopting U.S. negotiated resolutions such as the Convention judiciaire d'intérêt public, which encourages "collaboration" between them.
The author describes the evolution of the U.S. DOJ doctrine and askes French to be inspired by the U.S. procedural experience, U.S. where this mechanism came from. Indeed, the DOJ released memoranda about what the "collaboration" means. At the end (2006 Memorandum), the DOJ has considered that the legal privilege must remain intact when the information is not only factual to maintain trust between prosecutors, regulators, and lawyers.
French authorities do not follow this way. The author regrets it and thinks they should adopt the same reasoning as the American authority on the secret professionnel of the avocat, especially when he intervenes in the company internal investigation.
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🦉This article is available in full text for those registered for Professor Marie-Anne Frison-Roche's courses
Feb. 2, 2023
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: O. Douvreleur, "Compliance et juge du droit" ("Compliance and Judge ruling only on points of Law"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2023, p. 465-471.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): Compliance maintains with the judge complex relations, and even more with the judge ruling only on points of Law (in France, the Court de Cassation in the judicial order, the one who, in principle, does not know the facts that he leaves to the sovereign appreciation of the judges ruling on the substance of the disputes. At first glance, compliance is a technique internalised in companies and the place occupied by negotiated justice techniques leave little room for intervention by the judge ruling only on points of Law
However, his role is intended to develop, in particular with regard to the duty of vigilance or in the articulation between the different branches of Law when compliance meets Labor Law, or even in the adjustment between American Law and the other legal systems, especially French legal system. The way in which the principle of Proportionality will take place in Compliance Law is also a major issue for the judge ruling only on points of Law.
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Updated: Feb. 2, 2023 (Initial publication: March 31, 2021)
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: J.-B. Racine, "Compliance et Arbitrage. Essai de problématisation" ("Compliance and Arbitration : Problematisation", in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2023, p. 265-279.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► The summary below describes an article that follows an intervention in the scientific manifestation Compliance et Arbitrage, co-organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and the University Panthéon-Assas (Paris II). This conference was designed by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche and Jean-Baptiste Racine, scientific co-directors, and took place in Paris II University on March 31, 2021.
In the book, the article will be published in Title II, devoted to: Compliance et Arbitrage.
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► Summary of the article (done by the author): Under the consideration of the "Compliance Juridictionalisation", it is necessary to study in the links between Compliance and Arbitration. The arbitrator is a judge, he is even the natural judge of international trade. Arbitration is therefore naturally intended to meet compliance which transforms the action of companies in an international context. However, the links between compliance and arbitration are not obvious. It is not a question of providing firm and definitive answers, but rather, and above all, of asking questions. We are at the start of reflection on this topic, which explains why there is, for the time being, little legal literature on the subject of the relationship between Compliance and Arbitration. It doesn't mean there aren't connections. Quite simply, these relations may not have come to light, or they are in the making. We should research the existing or potential bridges between two worlds that have long gravitated separately: Compliance on the one hand, Arbitration on the other. The central question is: is or can the arbitrator be a compliance judge, and, if so, how?
In any event, the Arbitrator is thus in contact with matters requiring the methods, tools and logic of Compliance. In addition to the prevention and suppression of corruption, three examples can be given.
It is therefore the multiple interactions between Compliance and Arbitration, actual or potential, which are thus open.
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Updated: Feb. 2, 2023 (Initial publication: June 23, 2021)
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: J. Heymann, "La nature juridique de la "Cour suprême" de Facebook" ("The legal nature of Facebook's "Supreme court""), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2023, p. 151-167.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► The summary below describes an article following the colloquium L'entreprise instituée Juge et Procureur d'elle-même par le Droit de la Compliance , co-organized by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and the Faculté de Droit Lyon 3. This manifestation was designed under the scientific direction of Marie-Anne Frison-Roche and Jean-Christophe Roda and took place in Lyon on June 23, 2021.
In the book, the article will be published in Title I, devoted to: The Entreprise instituted Judge and Prosecutor of itself by Compliance Law.
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► Summary of the article (done by the author): Taking place in the general theme aiming at making “words and things coincide”, the article offers some thoughts on the “conditions of the discourse” – in the sense in which Foucault understood it in his Archéologie des sciences humaines – relating to the phenomenon of “jurisdictionalization” of Compliance.
The thoughts are more specifically focusing on the nature of the so-called “Supreme Court” that Facebook instituted to hear appeals of decisions relating to content on the digital social networks that are Facebook and Instagram. Is this really a “Supreme Court”, designed in order to “judge” the Facebook Group?
A careful examination of the Oversight Board – i.e. the so-called “Supreme Court” created by Facebook – reveals that the latter, in addition to its advisory mission (which consists of issuing policy advisory opinions on Facebook’s content policies), exercises some form of adjudicative function. This is essentially conceived in terms of compliance assessment, of the content published on the social networks Facebook or Instagram with the standards issued by these corporations on the one hand, of content enforcement decisions taken by Facebook with the Law on the other hand. The legal framework of reference is yet rather vague, although its substantial content seems to be per se evolutive, based on the geographical realm where the case to be reviewed is located. An adjudicative function can therefore be characterized, even if the Oversight Board can only claim for a limited one.
The author can ultimately identify the Oversight Board as a preventive dispute settlement body, in the sense that it seems to aim at avoiding any referral to state courts and ruling before any court’s judgement can be delivered. Some questions are thus to be raised, relating with both legitimacy and authority of such a Board. But whatever the answers will be, the fact remains that the creation of the Oversight Board by a private law company already reveals all the liveliness of contemporary legal pluralism.
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Updated: Feb. 2, 2023 (Initial publication: June 23, 2021)
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: Ch. Lapp, "La compliance dans l'entreprise : les statuts du process" ("Compliance in the company: the statues of processes"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2023, p.141-150.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► The summary below describes an article following the colloquium L'entreprise instituée Juge et Procureur d'elle-même par le Droit de la Compliance (The Entreprise instituted Judge and Prosecutor of itself by Compliance Law) , co-organized by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and the Faculté de Droit Lyon 3. This manifestation was designed under the scientific direction of Marie-Anne Frison-Roche and Jean-Christophe Roda and took place in Lyon on June 23, 2021. During this colloquium, the intervention was shared with Jan-Marc Coulon, who is also a contributor in the book (see the summary of the Jean-Marc Coulon's Article).
In the book, the article will be published in Title I, devoted to: L'entreprise instituée Juge et Procureur d'elle-même par le Droit de la Compliance (The Entreprise instituted Judge and Prosecutor of itself by Compliance Law ).
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► Summary of the article (done by the author): The Company is caught in the grip of Compliance Law, the jaws of which are those of Incitement (1) and Sanction that the Company must apply to ensure the effectiveness of its processes to which it is itself subject (2 ).
First, the Company has been delegated to fabricate reprehensible rules that it must apply to itself and to third parties with whom it has dealings. To this end, the Company sets up "processes", that is to say verification and prevention procedures, in order to show that the offenses that it is likely to commit will not happened.
These processes constitute standards of behavior to prevent and avoid that the facts constituting the infringements are not themselves carried out. They are thus one of the elements of Civil Liability Law in its preventive or restorative purposes.
Second, the sanction of non obedience of Compliance processes puts the Company in front of two pitfalls. The first dimension place the company, with regard to its employees and its partners, in the obligation to define processes which also constitute the quasi-jurisdictional resolution of their non-compliance, the company having to reconcile the sanction it pronounces with the fundamental principles of classical Criminal Law, constitutional principles and all fundamental rights. The processes then become the procedural rule.
The second dimension is that the Company is accountable for the effectiveness of the avoidance by its processes of facts constituting infringements. By a reversal of the burden of proof, the Company is then required to prove that its processes are efficient. at least equivalent to the measures defined by laws and regulations, the French Anti-Corruption Agency (Agence Française Anticorruption - AFA), European directives and various communications on legal tools to fight breaches of probity, environmental attacks and current societal concerns. The processes then become the constitutive element, per se, of the infringement.
Thus, in its search for a balance between Prevention and Sanction to which it is itself subject, the Company will not then be tempted to favor the orthodoxy of its processes over the expectations of the Agence Française Anticorruption - AFA , regulators and judges, to the detriment of their efficiency?
In doing so, are we not moving towards an instrumental and conformist Compliance, paradoxically disempowering with regard to the Compliance Monumental Goals of Compliance?
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Feb. 2, 2023
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: A. Linden, "Motivation et publicité des décisions de la formation restreinte de la Commission nationale de l’informatique et des libertés (CNIL) dans une perspective de compliance" ("Motivation and publicity of the decisions of the restricted committee of the French Personal Data Protection Commission (Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés-CNIL) in a compliance perspective"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2023, p. 235-239.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation and Compliance): In the event of a breach of the personal data protection rules, the restricted formation of the French personal data protection Commission (CNIL) pronounces fines, injunctions of "compliance" or calls to order. It can order the publication of these measures, which can be contested before the French High Administrative supreme court (Conseil d'État).
It is essential that these decisions be justified, not only in order to respect this principle of law but also concretely to obtain the public concerned, being very heterogeneous, understand them, the educational role of the CNIL also being applicable.
The principle of publicity is handled with nuance, the data controllers often requesting a closed door and, in fact, very few public attending the hearing. The publicity of decisions is in itself a sanction. The publication may moreover not be total or may only have a time, anonymization often allowing the balance between necessary pedagogy and preservation of interests, the CNIL taking great attention to the very modalities of publication, even if it cannot control the circulation and the media use which is then made of it.
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Feb. 2, 2023
Publications
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Le juge, l'obligation de compliance et l'entreprise. Le système probatoire de la Compliance" ("The judge, the compliance obligation, and the company. The Compliance probationary system"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2023, p 409-442.
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📝read the article (in French)
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🚧read the bilingual Working Paper which is the basis of this article, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks
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📕read a general presentation of the book, La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): the article aims to identify the link that must be established between the company in its relationship with the compliance obligations it assumes and the judges to whom it is accountable in this respect: this link is established by evidence. The evidentiary system of proof has yet to be constructed, and it is the purpose of this long study to lay the groundwork.
To this end, the article begins with a description of what is designated here as the "probatory square" in a "probatory system" that is superimposed on the system of rules of substantive legal system. This is all the more important because Compliance seems to be in frontal collision in its very principles with the general principles of the evidentiary system, in particular because it seems that the company would have to prove the existence of the Law or that it would have to bear in a definitive way the burden of proving the absence of violation, which seems to be contrary not only to the presumption of innocence but also to the principle of the freedom of action and of undertaking. In order to re-articulate Compliance Law, the obligations of compliance which legitimately weigh on the company, it is necessary to return to the probatory system specific to Compliance, so that it remains within the Rule of Law. This presupposes the adoption of a substantial definition of Compliance, which is not only compliance with the rules, which is only a minimal dimension, but implies that Compliance Law should be defined by the Monumental Goals on which the public authorities and the companies are in substantial alliance.
The evidentiary system of principle makes play between its four summits that are the burden of proof, the objects of proof this evidentiary square of principle, between the burden of proof, the means of proof and their admissibility. Compliance Law does not fall outside this evidential square, thus marking its full membership of the Rule of Law
In order to lay the foundations of the evidential system specific to Compliance Law, the first part of the article identifies the objects of proof which are specific to it, by distinguishing between the structural devices, on the one hand, and the expected behaviours, on the other. The first involves proving that the structures required to achieve the Monumental Goals of Compliance have actually been put in place. The object of proof is then the effectiveness of this implementation, which presents the effectiveness of the system. As far as behavioral obligations are concerned, the object of proof is the efforts made by the company to obtain them, the principle of proportionality governing the establishment of this proof, while the systemic efficiency of the whole reinforces the evidential system. However, the wisdom of evidence lies in the fact that, even though the principle remains that of freedom of evidence, the company must establish the effectiveness, efficiency, and effectiveness of the whole, independently of the burden of proof.
The second part of the article concerns those who bear the burden of proof in Compliance Law. The latter places the burden of proof on the company in principle, in view of its legal obligations. This burden comes from the legal origin of the obligations, which blocks the "round of the burden of proof". But in the interference of the different vertices of the evidentiary square, the question becomes more delicate when it comes to determining the contours of the compliance obligations that the company must perform. Moreover, the burden of proof may itself be the subject of proof, just as the company's performance of its legal obligations may also be the subject of contracts, which brings us back to the evidentiary system ordinarily applicable to contractual obligations. The situation is different when it comes to a "compliance contract" or when it comes to one or more compliance stipulations, concepts that are still not very well developed in Contract Law.
Furthermore, as all branches of Law belong to a legal system governed by the Rule of Law, other branches of law interfere and modify the methods and solutions of proof. This is the case when the fact, which is the object of proof, can give rise to a sanction, the Law of repression imposing its own solutions in the matter of the burden of proof.
In the third part of the article, the relevant means of proof in Compliance Law are examined, used in that Compliance Law is above all a branch of Law whose object is on the one hand information and on the other hand the Future. Open questions remain, such as whether companies could be forced by the Judge to build technologies to invent new means of proof. To show that they are indeed achieving the Monumental Goals they are charged with.
In the fourth part, the vital character of the pre-constitution of evidence is shown, which is the reflection of the Ex-Ante nature of Compliance Law: evidence must be pre-constituted to avoid the very prospect of having to use it, by finding all the means to establish the effectiveness, efficiency and even the effectiveness of the various Compliance Tools.
If companies do all this methodically, the Compliance evidence system will be established, in harmony with the general evidence system, Compliance Law and the Rule of Law.
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Feb. 2, 2023
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: N. Cayrol, "Des principes processuels en droit de la compliance" ("General Procedural Law in Compliance Law"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2023, p. 213-224.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): We could be satisfied with examining the reception of the principles of general Procedural Law in compliance litigation and the distortion that compliance techniques justify in procedural mechanisms. But the innovation that constitutes this emerging branch of law that is Compliance Law justifies going to more fundamental.
From this perspective, the pertinent question is the very legitimacy of procedural principles in this branch of law, in that Procedural Law is built on the notion of “Litigation” while Compliance Law deals with situation so enormous, concerning for example the fate of the planet, that this notion of litigation appears inadequate, and consequently the procedural law would be too limited in compliance matters.
If, however, this perspective is maintained of Compliance Law facing, in an almost warlike perspective, the greatest current challenges, general Procedural Law needs to be redesigned, in its very definition. Indeed, compliance trials call into question the future of systems and it is as such that they hold the entities, for instance the enterprises, that are at the heart of these systems. It is in this that liability trials are more “accountability” trials, allowing the judge to demand actions for the future, trials by which commitments are made and the “intentions” of the persons involved are challenged and required.
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Feb. 2, 2023
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: S. Scemla and D. Paillot, "La difficile appréhension des droits de la défense par les autorités de contrôle en matière de compliance" ("The supervisory authorities face difficulties to apprehend the rights of the defence in Compliance matters"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2023, p. 241-249.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the authors): Since 2016, French companies subject to the provisions of the so-called “Sapin 2” Law must implement eight stringent anti-corruption measures, such as a risk mapping, a whistleblowing procedure or a third-party due diligence procedure.
To ensure their compliance with these obligations, the Sapin 2 law created the Agence française anticorruption - AFA (French Anti-Corruption Agency), which had been assigned three missions: firstly, to help any person prevent and detect corruption; secondly, to control the quality and effectiveness of the anti-corruption programs deployed by the companies; and thirdly, to sanction any breaches, through its Sanctions Committee.
As pointed out by the French Conseil d’Etat, the powers devolved to the administrations have multiplied and became stratified. While the Conseil d'Etat suggests to improve both the conduct and the effectiveness of administrative controls by harmonising their practices and simplifying their prerogatives, it is urgent to remedy the numerous procedural failures that undermine the rights of defence.
In fact, the AFA exercises various powers when undertaking its controls. Some of these powers are not provided for by the Law, and most of them infringe fundamental rights and freedoms among which the adversarial principle and the freedom not to self-incriminate. For instance, the AFA does not necessarily draft minutes of the interviews it conducts, thus depriving the interviewee of the possibility to challenge the statements reported by the AFA to the Sanctions Committee.
From a more structural point of view, the scope of the AFA's mission is extremely broad. The Law allows the AFA to request the communication of "any professional document or any useful information", without defining the notion of usefulness. Also, the AFA considers that the entity cannot benefit from the legal privilege that would cover their documents, and considers that an entity who voluntarily hands over a document, without expressing any reserves, waives its right to the benefit of its legal privilege.
Apart from the severe consequences that could arise if another proceedings was to be initiated by a foreign authority, the concept of "voluntary handover" does not faithfully reflect the reality. Indeed, the controlled entities only cooperate under the threat of being prosecuted on the basis of an obstruction to the control, which compels them to communicate documents even when facing the risk of contributing to their own incrimination.
These many procedural deficiencies encountered during AFA controls must therefore be reformed, as recommended by the Conseil d’Etat, so as to require the authorities to take into account the rights of the defence.
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Feb. 2, 2023
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Le jugeant-jugé. Articuler les mots et les choses face à l'éprouvant conflit d'intérêts" ("The Judge-Judged. Articulating words and things in the face of the testing conflict of interest"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche, (ed.), La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2023, p. 59-80.
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📝read the article (in French)
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🚧read the bilingual Working Paper which is the basis of this article, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks
____
📕read a general presentation of the book, La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): Since the topic of this article is part of a chapter devoted to the Company established as Prosecutor and Judge of itself by Compliance Law, chapter aiming to use the relevant qualifications, it is appropriate therefore to worry about the adjustment of words and things, of the way in which the relationship between ones and the others evolve, and of the more particular question of knowing if this evolution is radical or not when one speaks of "judge ".
because "judging" is a word that the Law has disputed with other disciplines, but that it has appropriated not so much to confer more powers on those who act in its name, for example that who supervise and punish, but on the contrary to impose limits, since to the one who judges it has put the chains of the procedure under foot, thus making bearable for the other the exercise of such a power. Therefore, those who want the power to judge would often want to not have the title, because having de jure the title of judge is being subject to the correlated regime, it is to be submitted to procedural correctness.
It is therefore to better limit that the Law sees who judges, for obliging this so-powerful character to the procedure. But the Law also has the power to appoint a judge and to fix the contours of all the characters in the trial. He usually does it with clarity, distinguishing the ones of the others, not confusing them. This art of distinction has constitutional value. Thus, not only the one who judges must be named "judge" but the procedural apparatus which goes with this character, and which constitutes a way of doing things and fundamental rights, are not "granted" by kindness or in a second step: it is a block. If you didn't want to have to endure procedural rights, you didn't have to want to be a judge. Admittedly, one could conclude that the procedure would therefore have become "substantial"; by this elevation, it is rather a fashion of saying that the procedure would no longer be a "servant": it is a kind of declaration of love for the procedure, as long as one affirms that at the acts of judging , or investigating, or prosecuting, are "naturally" attached the procedural rights for the one who is likely to be the object of these powers.
Compliance Law, in search of allies to achieve the Monumental Goals for the aims of which it was instituted, will require, or even demand, private companies to go and seek themselves, in particular through investigations. internal or active vigilance on others, for finding facts likely to be reproached to them. Compliance Law will also require that they prosecute those who have committed these acts. Compliance La will again demand that they sanction the acts that people have committed in their name.
This is clearly understood from the point of view of Ex Ante efficiency. The confusion of roles is often very efficient since it is synonymous with the accumulation of powers. For example, it is more efficient that the one who pursues is also the one who instructs and judges, since he knows the case so well... Besides, it is more efficient that he also elaborates the rules, so he knows better than anyone the "spirit" of the texts. This was often emphasized in Regulatory Law. When everything is Information and risk management, that would be necessary ... But all this is not obvious.
For two reasons, one external and the other internal.
Externally, the first reason is that it is not appropriate to "name" a judge who is not. This would be too easy, because it would then be enough to designate anyone, or even to do it oneself to appropriate the regime that goes with it, in particular for obtain a so-called legitimate power for obtaining that others obey even though they are not subordinate or from them they transmit information, even though they would be competitors: it would then be necessary to remember that only the Law is able to appoint judge ; in this new Compliance era, companies would be judges, prosecutors, investigators! Maybe, if the Law says it, but if it didn't, it would be necessary to come back to this tautology ... But are we in such a radicalism? Moreover, do judges have "the prerogative" of judgment and the Law has not admitted this power for companies to judge for a long time? As soon as the procedure is there in Ex Ante and the control of the judge in Ex Post?
The second reason, internal to the company, situation on which the article focuses, is that the company investigates itself, judges itself, sanctions itself. However, the legal person expressing its will only through its organs, we underline in practice the difficulties for the same human being to formulate grievances, as he/she is the agent of the legal person, addressed to the natural person that he/she himself/herself is. The two interests of the two are not the same, are often opposed; how the secrets of one can be kept with respect to the other, represented by the same individual? ... It is all the mystery, even the artifice of legal personality that appears and we understand better that Compliance Law no longer wants to use this strange classical notion. Because all the rules of procedure cannot mask that to prosecute oneself does not make more sense than to contract with oneself. This conflict of interest is impossible to resolve because naming the same individual X then naming him/her Y, by declaring open the dispute between them does not make sense.
This dualism, which is impossible to admit when it comes to playing these functions with regard to corporate officers, can come back to life by setting up third parties who will carry secrets and oppositions. For example, by the designation of two separate lawyers for the human being agent and the human being representative of the legal person, each lawyer being able to have secrets for each other and to oppose each other. These spaces of reconstitution of the so "natural" oppositions in procedure between the one who judges and the one who is judged can also take the technological form of platforms: where there is no longer anyone, where the process has replaced the procedure, there is no longer any human judgment. We can thus see that the fear of conflicts of interest is so strong that we resign ourselves to saying that only the machine would be "impartial", a derisory conception of impartiality, against which it is advisable to fight.
This then leads to a final question: can the company claim to exercise the jurisdictional power to prosecute and judge and investigate without even claiming to be a prosecutor, an investigating judge, or a court? The company's advantage would be to be able to escape the legal regime that classical Law attaches to its words, mainly the rights of the defense and the rights of action for others, the principle of publicity of justice for everyone, which expresses the link between procedure and democracy. When Facebook said on June 12, 2021 "react" to the decision of May 5, 2021, adopted by what would only be an Oversight Board to decide "as a consequence" of a 2-year suspension of Donald Trump's account, the art of qualifications seem to be used in order to avoid any regime constraint.
But this art of euphemism is very old. Thus, the States, when they wanted to increase repression, presented the transformation of the system as a softening of it through the "decriminalization" of Economic Law, transferred from the criminal courts to the independent administrative agencies. The efficiency was greatly increased, since the guarantees of the Criminal Procedure ceased to apply. But 20 years later, Words found their way back to Things: under Criminal Law, slept the "criminal matter", which requires the same "Impartiality". In 1996, a judge once affirmed it and everything was changed. Let us therefore wait for what the Courts will say, since they are the masters of qualifications, as Article 12 of the French Code of Civil Procedure says, as Motulsky wrote it in 1972. Law has time.
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Updated: Feb. 2, 2023 (Initial publication: June 23, 2021)
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: S. Merabet, "La vigilance, être juge et ne pas juger" ("Vigilance, to be a judge and not judging"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2023, p. 199-209.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the author): Vigilance presents two diametrically opposed dangers. The company is caught in the crossfire. On the one hand, there is a risk that it exercises its role at a minimum, so that the obligations imposed on it are ineffective, thereby risking its own liability. On the other hand, the danger is that the company oversteps its role and takes the place of the Judge. Does Vigilance always present the same dangers? Does it systematically involve the same role of the company? To be vigilant, is it to judge? The answer to these questions depends on the content of the obligations involved in Vigilance. However, these now seem very diverse.
How to distinguish between the various duties of Vigilance? A first approach could consist in considering a formal identification which leads to distinguish stricto sensu Vigilance, that which is envisaged by the French so-called "Sapin 2" law and identified as such, and the related obligations, such as for example the duty of moderation of companies on social networks, which without being baptized "duty of vigilance", nevertheless come close. The extension of Compliance obligations blurs the line between what exactly falls under Vigilance and what not. A more substantial approach should be taken to consider the degree of control exercised by the company. Understood in this way, it is possible to distinguish two categories: Negative Vigilance, which implies the identification of a risk, and Positive Vigilance, which even more supposes the neutralization of the risk. The first assumes a limited role for the company, while the second encourages it to act positively, even before an Authority has spoken. In this case, the role of the company is closer to that of the judge. That shows that all the obligations of vigilance cannot therefore be understood in a unitary manner.
As soon as the company is led - if not to take the place of the Judge - to act before the Judge even has the opportunity to pronounce himself/herself, then it seems legitimate to supervise the implementation of the company's duty of Vigilance, through a form of proceduralisation of Compliance. The company, as its employees or partners, would benefit from more Vigilance supervision. Insofar as all Vigilance obligations do not call the same role of the company, it is necessary to consider guiding principles of Vigilance, more or less intense depending on whether it is Negative or Positive Vigilance.
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Feb. 2, 2023
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: F. Ancel, "Le principe processuel de compliance, un nouveau principe directeur du procès ?" (The procedural principle of compliance, a new trial leading principle?), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2023, p. 225-230.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, La juridictionnalisation de la compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): Through this article, the author formulates a proposal: elevating the principle of compliance to the rank of leading principle of the trial. To support this, the author firstly emphasizes the convergence of the aims of compliance and the purpose of the trial. Indeed, emphasizing that Compliance Law does not oust either the State or the judge, as soon as compliance means that the person must keep their commitments and that the trial is also based on this principle that the parties must conform to the principles and to their own "speech", compliance thus becomes a trial leading principle.
In a second part of the article, the author illustrates his point in a very concrete way. First, the protocols of procedure which are drawn up by the courts and the bars are commitments which should justify a form of constraint which, if it should not have the same form and nature as that of the law, must all the same even have consequences when a party fails to do so. Secondly, relying on French case law which sanctions a party which had accepted the principle of an arbitration and then systematically hinders its implementation, the author suggests that under the principle of compliance can be grouped the notions for the instant scattered of loyalty, consistency (estoppel) and efficiency.
Thus, this "open practice" echoing the "open way" of a procedural principle of compliance brings out this one.
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Feb. 2, 2023
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: A. Bavitot, "Le façonnage de l'entreprise par les accords de justice pénale négociée" ("Shaping the company through negotiated Criminal Justice Agreements"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2023, p. 187-198.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the author): Negotiated justice is "the situation in which the criminal conflict is the object of a trade in the etymological sense of the term negotio, i.e. a debate between the parties to reach an agreement".
Thus, the French legislator has succumbed to globalized mimicry by creating the Convention judiciaire d'intérêt public (Public Interest Judicial Agreement), first in matters of probity and then in environmental matters. What is the nature of this deal of justice? Validated by a judge's order, it does not entail any declaration of guilt, has neither the nature nor the effects of a judgment of conviction and is not registered in the judicial record. Possible at the investigation stage as well as at the pre-trial stage, the Public Interest Judicial Agreement is original in that it makes it possible to avoid either the prosecutor's proceedings or the judge's wrath.
A detailed study of the agreements signed shows that in order to negotiate in the best possible way, the company can and must shape itself. The company will shape the facts of its agreement, shape its charge and, finally, shape its sentence. The article offers a concrete analysis of these three dimensions of corporate shaping to better approach understanding the legal nature of negotiated criminal justice agreements.
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Feb. 2, 2023
Publications
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, série "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2023, 500 p. _
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► Presentation of this book: Sanctions, controls, appeals, deals: judges and lawyers are everywhere in the Compliance mechanisms, creating unprecedented situations, sometimes without a solution yet available. Even though Compliance was designed to avoid the judge and produce security by avoiding conflict. This jurisdictionalisation is therefore new. Forcing companies to prosecute and judge, a constrained role, perhaps against their nature. Leading to the adaptation of major procedural principles, with difficulty. Confronting arbitration with new perspectives. Putting the judge at heart, in mechanisms designed so that he is not there. How in practice to organize these opposites and anticipate the solutions? This is the challenge taken up by this book.
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📘 In parallel, the English version of this book, Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, is published in the series co-published by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant.
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🧮 This book comes after a cycle of colloquia organised in 2021 by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and its Academic Partners.
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This volume is the continuation of the books dedicated to Compliance in the collection "Régulations & Compliance", founded and managed by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, copublished by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz.
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🏗️ General construction of this book:
The book begins by a double Introduction, the first (in free access) summarizing the book, the second, substantial, relating to the need to reinforce the Judge and the Lawyer to impose the Compliance Law as a characteristic of the Rule of Law.
The first Part is devoted to what is specific to Compliance Law. of Compliance: the transformation of companies into Prosecutors and Judges of themselves, even of others.
The second Part relates to Compliance general procedural Law, the procedure being the way between the dispute and the judgement.
The third Part continues this journey to the judge and aims to measure the influence of the reasoning and requirements of Compliance Law in dispute resolution methods where it was not, with some exceptions, present, but where it has a great future: Arbitration.
Because trial and judicial decision are inseparable, because legal techniques and the Rule of Law should not be divided but compliance techniques could paradoxically be the weapon of their dissociation, because the power to judge and the procedures surrounding the latter must not be dissociated, because therefore Compliance mechanisms and the Rule of Law must be thought out and practiced then, the rise in power of one must be the sign of the rise in power of the other, and not the price of the 'weakening of the Rule of Law, the fourth Part relates to the Judges in the Compliance mechanisms and culture.
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► Read in free access the article: M.A. Frison-Roche, "Lignes de force de l'ouvrage La Juridictionnalisation de la Compliance" (Lines of Forces of the book La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance).
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►Read below the summaries of each contribution of the book⤵️
Feb. 1, 2023
Thesaurus : 02. Cour de cassation
► Référence complète : Com., 1er février 2023, n° 20-21.844 (publié au Bulletin).
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Texte intégral
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Dec. 11, 2022
Compliance: at the moment
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Youporn. La question est : comment appliquer les textes ? Pour arriver à quelque chose", Newsletter MAFR Law, Compliance, Regulation, 11 décembre 2022.
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Ceux qui furent huissiers de justice et ceux qui furent commissaires-priseurs sont désormais unis dans la profession des Commissaires de justice.
Leur premier congrès annuel s'est tenu les 8 et 9 décembre 2022 à Paris.
Aux chocs de la crise, du covid, de l'impression générale que de l'avenir l'on ne connait plus rien s'ajoute ce choc d'une unité à accroitre et à maintenir dans le temps, non seulement dans la profession mais avec les autres (une profession qui s'enferme meurt, si protégée soit-elle).
C'est sans doute pour cela que le Congrès débuta le 8 décembre au matin par un débat de 2 heures avec les autres : non seulement les notaires, pas encore les greffiers, le ministère de la justice et l'autorité de la concurrence.
De cet échange, il ressort que l'on compte sur la force des professions réglementées et que celle-ci s'exprime notamment par le Droit de la Régulation et de la Compliance.
En effet, les "professions" sont des structures qui ont un grand avenir, en ce qu'elles s'articulent avec le système économique libéral, qu'elles sont par nature régulées et porteuses de régulation, dans des systèmes qui, pour demeurer libéraux, vont en avoir de plus en plus besoin. Cela est pertinent pour la profession des Commissaires de justice qui procurent de la sécurité, via de l'incontestabilité reposant aussi sur le lien entre celle-ci et les faits, et qui assurent l'effectivité des engagements en gardant le souci du lien social.
Assurer la crédibilité de ce qui est constaté, de ce qui est vendu, c'est un service essentiel.
Lorsqu'il devient difficile d'exécuter des engagements, avoir un tiers de confiance est un maillage essentiel entre créancier et débiteur, dans une démarche qui n'a rien de mécanique.
Plus encore, la place de la Compliance va s'accroitre. Dépassant l'exigence de "conformité", qui n'est qu'un outil de la Compliance, l'avenir du Droit de la Compliance se noue avec celui des professions, notamment dans l'Europe qui associe dynamisme économique, souci des personnes et de l'environnement, et l'alliance que cela implique entre les Autorités politiques et publiques et les entités susceptibles de participer à la concrétisation de ces Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance.
📕 Pour aller plus loin : M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Les buts monumentaux de la compliance, 2022.
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Dec. 8, 2022
Conferences
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "La compliance, perspective dynamique pour exprimer la raison d'être des commissaires de justice", in Table-ronde sur "Professions réglementées, ambitions et enjeux", Congrès annuel national des Commissaires de justice, Paris, 8 décembre 2022.
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►lire le programme complet du congrès et 🎥regarder la présentation du colloque par le président du Congrès
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►présentation de l'intervention : Ce premier congrès annuel national des Commissaires de justice, réunissant pour la première fois la profession réformée, a débuté par un débat de 2 heures animé par une journaliste, débat entre les autres professions, les autorités publiques (Autorité de la concurrence, Chancellerie), ayant pour ma part à y apporter le regard académique :
Ce débat fut particulièrement animé et vivant, ne serait-ce qu'en raison de la configuration des lieux, chacun étant placé pour entrer dans un dialogue :
🎤 J'y pris la parole en premier pour insister sur le fait que les "professions" sont des structures qui ont un grand avenir, en ce qu'elles s'articulent avec le système économique libéral, qu'elles sont par nature régulées et porteuses de régulation, dans des systèmes qui, pour demeurer libéraux, vont en avoir de plus en plus besoin. Cela est pertinent pour la profession des Commissaires de justice qui procurent de la sécurité, via de l'incontestabilité reposant aussi sur le lien entre celle-ci et les faits, et qui assurent l'effectivité des engagements en gardant le souci du lien social.
🎤 J'ai repris la parole lorsque la place de la Compliance fut évoquée. Dépassant l'exigence de "conformité", qui n'est qu'un outil de la Compliance, j'ai montré l'avenir du Droit de la Compliance, notamment dans l'Europe qui associe dynamisme économique, souci des personnes et de l'environnement, et l'alliance que cela implique entre les Autorités politiques et publiques et les entités susceptibles de participer à la concrétisation de ces Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance.
📕 Pour aller plus loin : M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Les buts monumentaux de la compliance, 2022.
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regarder la présentation du colloque par le président du Congrès
Dec. 8, 2022
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full reference: N. Cayrol, "L'amicus curiae, mesure d'instruction ordinaire", Chronique de Procédure civile, D. 2022, p.2181-2183.
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► Summary of the article (done by the author, in French) : Les mesures d'instruction sont généralement présentées comme des mesures tendant uniquement à l'administration de la « preuve de faits dont dépend la solution du litige ».
À cette conception stricte, on préfère une conception large, englobant toutes les mesures tendant à instruire le tribunal.
Cela présente l'intérêt de donner un cadre procédural connu à la désignation d'un amicus curiae par les juges, aidant ainsi à lever les ambiguïtés qui entourent encore ce procédé.
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Nov. 18, 2022
Conferences
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Le juge, tiers régulateur des obligations contractuelles de compliance", in Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Université de Nîmes, Laboratoire CHROME, Compliance et Contrat : les acteurs et leurs stratégies, Nîmes, 18 novembre 2022.
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🏗️Cette conférence prend place dans le cycle de colloques, organisé par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et les Universités qui sont ses partenaires académiques, pendant l'année 2022/2023 autour du thème général L'obligation de compliance.
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🎤 consulter la synthèse également faite de ce colloque
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🧮Consulter le programme complet de cette manifestation
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🚧lire le document de travail servant de base à cette conférence
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📝Cette conférence sera la base d'un article, à paraître dans un ouvrage qui en résultera, dans sa version française, dans la collection 📚Régulation & Compliance coéditée entre le JoRC et les Editions Dalloz, et dans sa version anglaise, dans la collection 📚Compliance & Regulation coéditée entre le JoRC et les Editions Bruylant.
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Oct. 26, 2022
Public Auditions
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, Audition en qualité d'amica curiae par le Tribunal judiciaire de Paris, en formation de référé, sur le système de compliance et la place qu'y occupe le devoir de vigilance, 26 octobre 2022.
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Cette audition a été faite en compagnie de deux autres amici curiae, pareillement désignés par le Tribunal : les professeurs Jean-Baptiste Racine et Bruno Deffains.
Cette audition a été demandée par et à l'initiative du Tribunal judiciaire de Paris à l'occasion d'un contentieux qui oppose des associations à l'entreprise TotalEnergie, les premières alléguant des manquements au devoir de vigilance de la part de la seconde, le Tribunal demandant à des personnalités hautement qualifiées de l'éclairer sur le système de compliance et ses implications.
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📝Lire l'article de compte-rendu d'audience publié le 27 octobre 2022 par Olivia Dufour. (Actu-juridique)
📝Lire l'article de compte-rendu de l'audience du 7 décembre 2022, représentant la présentation du Droit de la Compliance par MaFR publié le 7 décembre 2022 par Mathilde Golla (Les Echos)
📝Lire l'article sur le recours à l'amicus curiae, débutant par le recours fait dans cette affaire, publié le 8 décembre 2022 par Nicolas Cayrol (Recueil Dalloz)
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Oct. 23, 2022
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: F. Ancel, "Compliance Law, a new guiding principle for the Trial?", in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant, coll. "Compliance & Regulation", to be published.
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📘read a general presentation of the book, Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): Through this article, the author formulates a proposal: elevating the principle of compliance to the rank of leading principle of the trial. To support this, the author firstly emphasizes the convergence of the aims of compliance and the purpose of the trial. Indeed, emphasizing that Compliance Law does not oust either the State or the judge, as soon as compliance means that the person must keep their commitments and that the trial is also based on this principle that the parties must conform to the principles and to their own "speech", compliance thus becomes a trial leading principle.
In a second part of the article, the author illustrates his point in a very concrete way. First, the protocols of procedure which are drawn up by the courts and the bars are commitments which should justify a form of constraint which, if it should not have the same form and nature as that of the law, must all the same even have consequences when a party fails to do so. Secondly, relying on French case law which sanctions a party which had accepted the principle of an arbitration and then systematically hinders its implementation, the author suggests that under the principle of compliance can be grouped the notions for the instant scattered of loyalty, consistency (estoppel) and efficiency.
Thus, this "open practice" echoing the "open way" of a procedural principle of compliance brings out this one.
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🦉This article is available in full text to those registered for Professor Marie-Anne Frison-Roche's courses
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Oct. 20, 2022
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: F.-X. Train, "Arbitration and parallel proceedings exercised in Compliance Procedure", in M.-A. Frison-Roche, M.-A. (ed.), Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, series "Compliance & Regulation", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant, to be published.
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► the summary below describes the article that follows an intervention in the scientific manifestation Compliance et Arbitrage, co-organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and the University Panthéon-Assas (Paris II). This conference was designed by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche and Jean-Baptiste Racine, scientific co-directors, and took place in Paris II University on March 31, 2021.
In the book, the article will be published in the Chapter III, devoted to: Compliance et Arbitrage international.
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► Article Summary: Firstly, the article insists on the principle of the autonomy of the international arbitration procedure, in relation to which parallel procedures remain watertight, whether they are criminal or done under Compliance Law. In the arbitral proceedings taking place independently, the arbitrators before whom the facts also referred to in these parallel proceedings, in particular the facts of corruption, are alleged before them as facts through their unlawful nature: it is at this title that they can and must apprehend them, using the standard of proof which is the bundle of clues.
Secondly, the article highlights the limits of the autonomy of international arbitration. These may be de facto limits because in the search for evidence by arbitrators, red flags are often insufficiently consistent evidence to establish a sentence, especially since this sentence may be subject to control by the judge of its conformity to international public order, the annulment by the judge being able to be based on external elements, even after the arbitration procedure. It may then be wise for the arbitrators, who are not forced to do so, to suspend their proceedings to wait the results of the parallel proceedings initiated under Compliance Law, so that the procedures and their results could be harmonious.
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Oct. 5, 2022
Interviews
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, " Youporn : Le Droit doit se renouveler face à la transformation du monde par l'espace numérique", entretien avec Olivia Dufour, Actu-juridique, 5 octobre 2022.
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💬Lire l'entretien dans son intégralité
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Lire l'entretien précédent : 💬L'efficacité de la Compliance illustrée par l'affaire Youporn
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► Présentation de l'entretien par le journal : "Comment parvenir à bloquer efficacement l’accès des mineurs aux contenus pornographiques sur internet ? C’est à cette difficile question que s’est attaquée l'Arcom (Autorité de régulation de la communication audiovisuelle et numérique). Avec pour l’instant un succès mitigé. Début septembre, alors que le régulateur demandait au juge de bloquer les cinq sites n’ayant pas obéi à son injonction de modifier leurs conditions d’accès, la justice a décidé de renvoyer le dossier devant un médiateur. Entre temps, un rapport sénatorial publié le 28 septembre souligne l’urgence d’agir. Nous avons demandé au professeur Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, spécialiste de droit de la compliance, comment à son avis il est possible de lutter efficacement contre les dérives de l’industrie pornographique".
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► Questions posées :
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Sept. 30, 2022
Compliance: at the moment
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Youporn. La question est : comment appliquer les textes ? Pour arriver à quelque chose", Newsletter MAFR Law, Compliance, Regulation, 30 septembre 2022.
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Dans l'actualité, l'on peut suivre deux évènements qui ont trait à l'efficacité des législations, mise en question sur un même objet industriel : la pornographie.
Le premier événement est ponctuel : l'on peut lire le rapport du Sénat sur l'industrie pornographique, publié en septembre 2022, Porno : l'enfer du décor, bon titre, moins austère que les titres des classiques rapports parlementaires, rapport très documenté et très engagé, qui dresse un constat terrifiant de l'industrie pornographique et demande une action immédiate, de tous. Notamment le rapport demande à ce que "enfin" (le "enfin" est dans le titrage du bloc de recommandations à ce propos) l'interdiction d'accès des mineurs aux prestations pornographiques soit effective.
Le second événement se déroule dans le temps : l'on peut suivre l'action des Autorités de supervision et judiciaires à l'encontre de sites pornographiques pour obtenir que ceux-ci contrôlent effectivement l'âge des internautes qui accèdent aux sites et ne contentent pas d'une déclaration de ceux-ci, cliquant sur le bouton affirmant qu'ils sont majeurs.
Il s'agit donc bien du même objet.
I. UN CONSTAT FAIT ET REFAIT : UNE DIFFICULTÉ EXTREME DE MISE EN OEUVRE
Le phénomène de la pornographie a fait l'objet de multiples études, issues de diverses disciplines.
On s'accorde à admettre que dans sa pratique les conditions de son exercice sont d'une part le plus souvent atroces pour les personnes qui y sont enrôlées, et sont d'autre part dommageables pour les spectateurs, de plus en plus souvent des enfants, pornographie et violence s'alimentant.
Contre cela, les institutions publiques peinent, le rapport rappelant les chiffres accablants de l'échec des politiques publiques au secours des personnes dites "actrices", aussi bien qu'à l'égard des spectateurs, puisque tout le monde "consent", les relais d'éducation (parents, écoles, médias) fonctionnant mal.
Le rapport du Sénat demande donc une mobilisation de l'Etat, comme dans une guerre contre un fléau, une politique d'éducation tous azimuts, des parents actifs, une politique publique d'ensemble pour veiller à ce que ces excès, qui sont en réalité l'ordinaire, soient le plus possibles détectés et prévenus.
Revenons d'une façon plus modeste à l'état du Droit positif, exposé clairement dans le rapport et qu'il ne s'agit pas de remettre en cause dans ses principes.
II. L'ETAT DU DROIT : LA LICÉITE ET DE PRINCIPE ET L'INTERDICTION PÉNALE DE L'ACCES AUX MINEURS : UN PROBLEME EX ANTE DE RÉGULATION DU NUMÉRIQUE
L'état du Droit est clair. La pornographie est licite. De la même façon que la prostitution est licite.
L'on peut en penser ce que l'on veut et en débattre, et de l'un et de l'autre (car la pornographie est de fait liée à la prostitution comme elle est liée à la violence) mais en l'état du Droit positif il s'agit d'une activité licite.
Le Droit pénal interdit certaines pratiques, soit d'une façon générale qui peuvent plus particulièrement se retrouver dans la pornographie, comme certains types de violences, comme la torture, soit d'une façon spécifique.
C'est à ce titre que d'une façon très précise le Code pénal, dans son article 227-24, réécrit en 2020 pour l'adopter à l'espace numérique, non seulement interdit pénalement l'accès des mineurs aux sites pornographiques mais obligent les sites à contrôler effectivement l'âge des internautes.
L'on peut en penser ce que l'on veut et en débattre mais c'est l'état du Droit positif.
Le Droit dans sa construction n'est pas remis en cause : tout est question de mise en oeuvre. Non seulement l'industrie pornographique explose, faisant désormais partie de la vie quotidienne, mais les dispositions pénales de contrôle de l'âge n'ont pas d'effectivité.
C'est donc un enjeu de compliance, à un double titre : en premier lieu, parce qu'en la matière une fois que les enfants ont consommé le mal systémique que constitue la représentation des femmes comme produits à consommer sans modération les sanctions ne sont plus guère le sujet, le sujet relevant donc avant tout de l'Ex Ante, de la prévention et de la détection, donc d'outils de Compliance ; en deuxième lieu, parce qu'il s'agit d'une industrie qui prospère désormais sur des plateformes, plateformes numériques sur lesquelles l'Autorité de régulation qu'est l'Arcom doit exercer effectivement son pouvoir de supervision, pour que l'espace numérique soit "civilisé", la question de la pornographie rejoignant alors la question de la haine ou de la désinformation dans l'espace virtuel, lesquels reposent sur l'action des opérateurs eux-mêmes, en interaction avec le Régulateur.
🔴mafr, Se tenir bien dans l'espace numérique, 2020.
Ici, concernant la pornographie, le Législateur d'une part, le régulateur et le juge d'autre part, ne réagissent pas de la même façon. Mais tous se soucient de l'effectivité du texte, ce qui est effectivement le seul sujet, sauf à se détester tous les uns les autres.
III LA DEMANDE DU LÉGISLATEUR: ACCROITRE LES POUVOIRS DE SANCTION ET L'ÉDUCATION
Dans le rapport du Sénat, le bloc de recommandations sur cette question a pour titre : Appliquer enfin la loi sur interdiction d'accès des mineurs et protéger la jeunesse.
Les recommandations qui en découlent sont les suivantes :
Recommandation n° 11 : Assermenter les agents de l’Arcom afin de leur permettre de constater eux-mêmes les infractions des sites pornographiques accessibles aux mineurs. Recommandation n° 12 : Confier à l’Arcom la possibilité de prononcer des sanctions administratives, aux montants dissuasifs, à l’encontre des sites pornographiques accessibles aux mineurs. Recommandation n° 13 : Imposer aux sites pornographiques l’affichage d’un écran noir tant que l’âge de l’internaute n’a pas été vérifié. Recommandation n° 14 : Définir, dans les lignes directrices de l’Arcom, des critères exigeants d’évaluation des solutions techniques de vérification de l’âge. Recommandation n° 15 : Imposer le développement de dispositifs de vérification d’âge ayant vocation à servir d’intermédiaire entre l’internaute et les sites consultés, avec un système de double anonymat comme proposé par le PEReN et la CNIL. Recommandation n° 16 : Établir un processus de certification et d’évaluation indépendant des dispositifs de vérification d’âge. Recommandation n° 17 : Activer par défaut le contrôle parental, lorsqu’un abonnement téléphonique est souscrit pour l’usage d’un mineur. Recommandation n° 18 : Mener une campagne de communication autour des dispositifs de contrôle parental.
N'accordant pas crédit à l'autorégulation et à l'éthique des plateformes qui sont des "tubes" à contenus pornographiques qui déversent sur la population des flots d'images de ce type à partir de localisations consistant des paradis réglementaires, le Sénat propose plutôt de donner plus de force juridique au Régulateur et aux parents.
L'on retrouve tous les mécanismes déjà déployés en Régulation bancaire et financière, secteur où les outils de la Compliance sont le plus achevés et dans lequel l'on puise car il constitue le modèle pour l'instant le plus achevé.
La difficulté est sans doute que l'effet réputationnel, qui joue très fortement sur les opérateurs bancaires, a peu d'emprise sur les entreprises qui gère les sites pornographiques. C'est donc vers la contrainte que l'on se tourne : puissance des agents de l'autorité, pouvoir de sanction, écran noir. L'on sait que la faiblesse d'un législateur se mesure aussi au fait qu'il augmente les pouvoirs et la répression sur le papier. Mais la critique est aisée et il est difficile pour le Législateur d'en rester au constat et armer un Régulateur est toujours bienvenu car à l'heure où le contrôle des contenus par les opérateurs numériques, supervisés par le régulateur public, est le principe du Digital Services Act , il serait paradoxal que cette catégorie de sites, légaux mais systémiquement dommageables, ne soient pas dans cette logique générale.
Or, cette logique générale implique par ailleurs une collaboration active entre le Régulateur et le Juge.
Celle-ci permet que l'on passe d'un Droit, notamment pénal, qui soit non seulement "effectif", mais qui soit "efficace", c'est-à-dire qui soit non seulement appliqué mais encore produise les effets pour l'obtention desquels il a été adopté.
C'est ce qui est en cours.
IV. L'ACTION EN COURS DU REGULATEUR ET DU JUGE : TROUVER LE DISPOSITIF TECHNIQUE ADEQUAT
Il y a plusieurs mois, le président de l'Arcom a fait des injonctions, très motivées, à des sites à contenus pornographiques pour qu'ils respectent le Droit pénal et contrôlent l'âge des internautes qui accèdent à leur site, faute de quoi, en application des textes, le juge judiciaire sera saisi.
Par exemple dans sa décision du 7 avril 2022, le président a fait injonction à la société gérant le site youporn de respecter la loi, l'Autorité ayant constaté qu'il suffisait à l'internaute de cliquer sur une affirmation de non-minorité, ce qui ne suffit pas pour respecter l'article 227-24 du Code pénal précité en mettant en place des technologies efficaces. 15 jours étaient laissés pour ce faire.
🔴mafr, 💬 L'efficacité de la compliance illustrée par l'affaire Youporn, entretien avec Olivia Dufour, 21 juin 2022.
Les sociétés enjointes ont répondu qu'en fait elles ne possédaient pas la technologie pour y procéder, qu'elles ne savaient pas comment dépasser le système actuel d'autodéclaration par l'internaute de son âge et qu'en droit la loi sur la protection des données personnelles leur interdisait l'usage des technologies efficaces disponibles. Ainsi, la technologie les bloque, ce qu'elles regrettent tandis que le Droit bloque le Droit, ce dont elles ne sauraient répondre.
L'injonction de l'Arcom étant infructueuse, car si l'obligation de contrôle de l'âge est une obligation de moyens, cela ne peut justifier une fin de non-recevoir, celle-ci a indiqué par un communiqué du 7 septembre 2022 que le Président de l'Arcom avait saisi le président du Tribunal judiciaire de Paris pour que l'accès à ces sites soit fermé par les soins des fournisseurs d'accès aux internautes relevant du Droit applicable.
Le Régulateur demande donc au Juge, pour ces sites et les sites-miroirs qu'ils fabriqueraient que ceux-ci ne soient plus accessibles à partir du territoire français ou par leurs adresses situées sur le territoire, que les internautes soient automatiquement redirigés vers une page d’information expliquant la raison de ce blocage.
Le Juge judiciaire n'a pas rejeté la demande de l'Arcom, mais n'a pas non plus pour l'instant condamné les sites à subir une telle mise en place.
On peut penser qu'il l'a fait car il ne suffit pas de dire que l'on ne sait pas faire pour se soustraire au Droit pénal, mais s'il n'a pas condamné immédiatement les plateformes c'est aussi parce que l'allégation des défendeurs était "vraisemblable" : il est vrai que technologiquement le contrôle de l'âge pose difficulté, le Droit de la Compliance pouvant obliger des opérateurs cruciaux à inventer des technologies adéquates mais cela est sans doute difficile à mettre en place, demande peut-être du temps, tandis que le droit des données à caractère personnel est lui-aussi protégé par le Droit de la Compliance.
Le Juge judiciaire n'a pas pour autant rien fait, renvoyant tout le monde car quand il est saisi, il doit trouver une solution, surtout s'il partage le souci de l'effectivité des textes.
Par une décision du 6 septembre 2022, le Juge judiciaire a ordonné une rencontre de tous dans la perspective de médiation. Ce n'est pas donner tort au Régulateur, ce n'est pas donner tort aux sites.
En effet, lorsqu'il est possible que tous aient raison en ce qui les concerne : lorsque la question est une question de fait, parce que l'enjeu est avant l'application en fait des textes pour l'instant peu appliqués, qui pourraient l'être si l'on trouve de fait des technologies qui n'entravent pas une activité licite mais qui rendent effectifs et efficaces des textes qui ne doivent pas rester lettre morte, dans un monde ici entièrement numérique, la solution d'une discussion est une voie qui peut être fructueuse.
Compliance et Médiation, en raison de la technicité et de l'ampleur systémique des cas, est une perspective heureuse, car le Droit est un art pratique et que, tout particulièrement en Droit de la Compliance, l'efficacité des textes par des mesures Ex Ante, ici les technologies, est un souci premier, l'ensemble devant toujours se dérouler non seulement en conformité mais dans le respect au sens le plus fort du terme de l'Autorité de Régulation, du Juge et de la Loi pénale.
Sept. 27, 2022
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, audition par la Commission des Lois du Sénat sur la Proposition de Loi constitutionnelle relative à l'interruption volontaire de grossesse et à la contraception, 27 septembre 2022.
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► Lire le dossier législatif, notamment l'exposé des motifs de la proposition de loi.
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►Résumé de la présentation avant la discussion : ma contribution à la discussion nourrie et très large établie entre les représentants du Sénat et les administratrices et mes collègues, Elisabeth Zoller, Stéphane Mouton et Sophie Paricard, a plutôt consisté à développer la dimension concrète et pratique du sujet et la considération que celle-ci a sur la rédaction d'un texte, s'il venait à l'idée du Législateur de s'en saisir.
En effet, il s'agit non pas tant d'établir un droit subjectif, dont la dimension constitutionnelle en tant que telle peut poser techniquement problème, mais d'assurer son effectivité. Ce terme-même d'effectivité est utilisé par la proposition de loi. Or, la notion d'effectivité est utilisée dans le Droit économique, qui vise les buts, le Droit de la Régulation et de la Compliance visant à obtenir dans une sorte de réussite croissante l'effectivité, l'efficacité et l'efficience des mécanismes juridiques. Mais ce souci de politique publique est difficile à intégrer dans le système juridique, et ce que fait le Droit de la Régulation et de la Compliance est difficile à concevoir au niveau constitutionnel, la notion d' "accès à un droit" étant sans doute un pléonasme par rapport à la notion de "droit à l'effectivité", lequel vise sans doute les différents sujets de droit qui, dans la chaîne concrète qui jalonne la façon dont une femme dispose de son corps, deviendrait débiteurs d'un tel "droit d'accès à un droit".
Une telle notion peut engendrer de nombreux contentieux car les potentiels débiteurs d'un tel droit subjectif, qui aurait valeur constitutionnelle, ont aussi des droits subjectifs à opposer, et c'est une grande agressivité juridictionnelle des uns et des autres, des uns contre les autres, qui peut être ainsi engendrée.
D'ailleurs, placer dans la Constitution un tel droit subjectif sous "De l'autorité judiciaire" est inapproprié car le droit à l'avortement est protégé également par le juge administratif, non seulement à travers le contrôle objectif des textes mais encore à travers le contentieux subjectif, les établissements publics étant fortement impliqués dans sa mise en oeuvre.
En outre, de la même façon que l'arrêt Dobbs v. Jackson est un arrêt systémique, visant le fédéralisme, qui en application de la conception par la Cour de celui-ci peut et va priver d'autres droits subjectifs de leur protection constitutionnelle fédérale, le premier à tomber étant sans doute le droit des personnes de même sexe à se marier, mais d'autres peuvent venir, le Constituant français devrait d'ores et déjà (puisqu'il vise l'avenir) soit :
Cela suppose alors que le Législateur intervenir par à-coup, dans une liste que le juge aura bien du mal à interpréter, sans doute une "liste fermée"..., mais surtout intervienne en Ex-Post, à chaque fois qu'il pense qu'une agression est davantage probable sur un droit que sur un autre (car c'est le raisonnement ici suivi, l'arrêt Dobbs, qui ne concerne pas l'Europe, étant considéré par le Législateur français comme un "signal" de danger sur ce droit-là...) : mais le Législateur d'une part doit intervenir sur l'avenir et non pas sur le passé (les lois "en réaction" ne sont pas de bonne méthode) et doit être abstraites car c'est au juge de décliner sur des situations et droits particuliers (cf. Carbonnier et "l'effet macédonier"). Or, le Conseil constitutionnel n'est pas placé pour faire cela. Quel juge en France pourrait le faire ?
Malgré la bonne intention du Législateur, et en retournant les techniques juridiques dans tous les sens, l'on ne voit pas "quoi faire"...
Mais, puisque l'enjeu n'est pas tant l'existence d'un droit, mais l'effectivité de celui-ci, et l'efficacité d'un système médical et social à le servir dans la "réalité" des choses, pourquoi ne pas se tourner vers le Droit économique, Droit concret et téléologique par excellence ?
Dès lors, si le Législateur devait intervenir pour protéger davantage à l'avenir l'effectivité du droit des femmes à disposer de leur corps, c'est peut-être sous une forme plus incitative, en s'appuyant sur les entreprises qui, comme l'ont fait les entreprises américaines en aidant les femmes à voyager jusqu'aux Etats protecteurs, en ne communiquant pas des informations aux autorités publiques des Etats non-protecteurs, aident concrètement à l'effectivité des droits subjectifs qui sont concrètement menacés, maintenant aux Etats-Unis, éventuellement demain en Europe et en France.
Cela s'appuie sur le Droit de la Compliance.
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Voir aussi
💬Frison-Roche, M.-A, "La Cour suprême a déclenché la bombe de la sécession. Que faire ?", 5 juillet 2022
💬Frison-Roche, M.-A, Droit à l’avortement : « Le processus de sécession est dans la décision », 27 juin 2022
📧M.-A. Frison-Roche, Seuls les droits subjectifs techniques ne sont pas touchés par l'arrêt Dobbs: c'est sur eux qu'il faut construire une nouvelle théorie de l'entreprise, 29 juin 2022