Food for thoughts

► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "2+1 : la procédure", in W. Baranès et M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), La justice. L'obligation impossible, éd. Autrement, coll."Morales", 1994, pp.193-207.

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Référence complète : FRISON-ROCHE, Marie-Anne, Les difficultés méthodologiques d’une réforme du droit des faillites, D.1994, chron., p.17 s.

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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, in collaboration with Serge Bories, "La jurisprudence massive" ("The Massive Jurisprudence"), D. 1993, chron., pp. 287-330

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► English Summary of the article: The term "jurisprudence" is likely to have several meanings: on the one hand, jurisprudence stricto sensu, that emanating from the High Courts; on the other hand, "massive jurisprudence", designating all legal decisions rendered by the courts. This study of "mass case law" is divided into two parts: the first sets out the advantages of analysing mass judgments (I.), and the second develops the method that should be used to study these judgments (II.).

The analysis of massive jurisprudence is of threefold interest: educational, scientific and practical. Educational, in that it provides a more concrete, comprehensive and detailed view of the subject being taught. Scientific, in that it provides a global perspective, making it possible to take a closer look at reality and thus analyse the phenomena of pluralism in case law and anticipate 'elite case law' or legislative developments. And lastly, it is practical, in that it enables legislators to learn as quickly as possible about the practical application of the law and its consequences, so that they can potentially react to counter any perverse effects and/or use this information to adapt their legal policy decisions.

The analysis method involves 3 stages. Firstly, a prior qualitative analysis of the banal judgment must be carried out, based on the extraction of key words and concepts contained in the decision, in order to transform the raw information into data. Next, categories of analysis need to be established, based on the structure of the data collected and the research hypotheses, in order to process the mass of refined data collected. It is also essential to have access to all the data used to adopt the decision. In the final stage, complementary methods, such as studying the case file or interviewing magistrates, should be added to the textual analysis.

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Référence complète :BARANES, William,  FRISON-ROCHE, Marie-Anne, ROBERT, Jacques-Henri,  Pour le droit processuel, D.1993, chron., p.9-11.

Il est nécessaire de construire et d'enseigner le "droit processuel", que commença à concevoir Henri Motulsky. En effet, le droit processuel est autonome des droits substantiels que les parties revendiques et des trois contentieux, procédure civile, procédure pénale et contentieux administratif, en ce qu'il exprime les principes communs et inhérents à tous procès : le droit d'action et l'intérêt à agir, le contradictoire et les droits de la défense, le jugement et sa motivation. Le droit processuel relève d'un droit comparé interne qui recherche l'esprit propre à chaque procédure et permet les emprunt de l'une à l'autre. Il pose surtout un droit commun de la procédure, dont désormais la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme et les droits constitutionnels sont la principale source.

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Référence complète : FRISON-ROCHE, Marie-Anne, "L’utilisation de l’outil sociologique dans l’élaboration de la jurisprudence", Revue de recherche juridique, 1993/4, p.1271 s.

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Référence complète : FRISON-ROCHE, Marie-Anne, "Le droit comme tradition", Magazine littéraire, février 1993.

Article rédigé dans le numéro spécial consacré à la parution des "Lieux de mémoire", dirigé par Pierre Nora.

Référence complète : FRISON-ROCHE, Marie-Anne, L’utilisation de l’outil sociologique dans l’élaboration de la jurisprudence, in La jurisprudence, Colloque de l’association internationale de Méthodologie juridique, 8 avril 1993, Rabat, Maroc.

Référence complète : Oppetit, B., Éthique et vie des affaires, in Mélanges offerts à André Colomer, Litec, 1993, pp. 319-333.

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► Full reference : J. Carbonnier, "Toute loi est-elle un mal ? (Is every law a bad thing?), in Essais sur les lois (Essays on Legisation), 2nd ed., Répertoire du notariat Defrénois, 1992, pp. 317–334.

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► Summary :  Jean Carbonnier takes as his starting point the coincidence in time between the announcement of Christ’s birth and the proclamation of the census by Caesar Augustus’s edict, and goes on to ask whether, in legal matters as in religious ones, the advent of the new law might be good news.

It is accepted that many new laws were bad, but is the new law bad ‘in itself’?

The author does not wish to let the distinction between favourable and unfavourable laws (a sociological criterion of interest) or the distinction between old and new laws (a psychological criterion of the clash between novelty and habit) interfere, so as to address the subject as neutrally as possible: is the law an evil in itself? This pits the law against case law, custom or equity, which might be superior, but then again the author takes a broader view and prefers to contrast law with non-law and pose the question even more radically: is law in itself an evil?

To begin with, Carbonnier demonstrates the necessity, the advantages and the beneficial effects of the law, which was particularly revered by the French Revolution and, above all, by the people because of the ‘benevolence of the law’. France remains steeped in this favourable legalistic prejudice. This stems from the sense of security it affords the people, because it is clear, precise and uncompromising, permanent, and because it serves as a means of communication between people.

In the second part of the article, Carbonnier refers to Lacan, who, in relation to the law, invoked the figure of the father and predicted a future society without a father. Carbonnier wonders whether a lawless society is not about to emerge, or whether psychoanalysis, seeing castration in the law, still identifies it as an evil.  In any case, he sees in this an opposition to freedom and liberalism, the rejection of the law being associated with the rejection of the state. Quoting Maurice Barrès and his 1892 work, L'ennemi des lois, he shows that for Barrès, all law is an evil, because the world must organise itself spontaneously.  For liberalism, which is less romantic, every law is an evil because it hinders the spontaneous emergence of the general interest of the social group. Thus, to take Hayek as an example, the individual knows his own interest better than the law, and the sum of these interests gives rise to the general interest. Moreover, not only is the law pernicious, but, according to liberalism, it corrupts human nature, atrophies the will and diminishes responsibility, in a perverse pedagogy.

In the third part of the article, Dean Carbonnier goes on to argue that the law acts more as a safeguard and is therefore a good thing, provided the legislator remains modest. He believes that the law is necessary because man is a sinner (in a nation of righteous people, the law would be unnecessary), citing Luther and Saint Augustine. The law is therefore indispensable insofar as it wields the sword. Indeed, the law must strike because the world is inhabited by evil.

The Dean states: “It is in this sense that the law appears as an evil: not because it causes harm or does harm, but because it is linked to the existence of evil. It is the revealer of sin...”.

He concludes: "Knowing that the law was given to curb evil, lawyers will use it without hesitation. Knowing that it is a source of evil, they will use it with restraint."

It is in this self-imposed limitation that lawlessness emerges.

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Référence complète : CARBONNIER, Jean, Essai sur les lois, 2ième éd., Répertoire du notariat Defrénois, 1992, 336 p.

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Lire la préface

Référence complète : Zénati, F., La jurisprudence, coll. " Méthodes du droit" , Éditions Dalloz, 1991, 282 p.

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