Les fiches récentes

Référence générale : Frison-Roche, M.-A.(dir.), Compliance Tools, série "Régulations & Compliance", coédition Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, 2021.

Cet ouvrage en langue anglaise constitue le 1ier titre de cette collection entièrement consacrée au Droit de la Compliance, en ce que celle-ci est le prolongement du Droit de la Régulation. 

Consulter les titres de cette série en langue anglaise coéditée avec Bruylant.

Cette collection en langue anglaise s'articule avec une collection coéditée entre le Journal of Regulation & Compliance et Dalloz.

Ainsi, parallèlement, un ouvrage en français, Les outils de la Compliance, est publié. 

Consulter les titres de la série en langue française coéditée avec Dalloz.

Cet ouvrage vient à la suite d'un cycle de colloques organisés par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et des Universités qui lui sont partenaires.

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Présentation générale de l'ouvrage publié en anglais

The political dimension of Compliance Law lies in the goals it aims to achieve. To achieve them, the concern for these goals is internalized in "crucial operators", which may be obliged to concretize "monumental goals" set by public authorities. These public bodies control the Ex Ante reorganization that this implies for these companies and sanction Ex Post the possible inadequacy of the companies, which have become transparent to this end. The effectiveness and efficiency of this internalization, without which the statement of these goals is worth nothing, is based on the Compliance tools that are deployed.

These appear to be very diverse but their substantial unity (topic which will be the subject of a forthcoming book) makes it possible to study the tools put in place from a unique perspective, by not isolating them in a particular branch of Law, Criminal law or International Law for example, but by measuring what is common to them, notably Anticipation, Trust, Commitment, Responsibility, Incentive, and so on. If the Compliance tools vary, it is rather not only according to the sectors, finance and banking appearing then as the advanced point of the general Compliance Law, for example in environmental matters, but also according to the countries and the cultures. It is in fact about them that legal cultures seem to oppose.

The book aims to understand these "tools" by going beyond the description of each instrument, for which we already have many monographs, for analyzing them through the issues of Risks, required Expertises, Training. Sovereignty claims, Incentives, mechanical aptitude of Technologies. It is through these themes that are analyzed by the authors, experts in the field, what we always want to understand better: Compliance Programs, Whistle-blowing, Mapping, Sanctions, Extraterritoriality, etc.

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Consulter le sommaire de l'ouvrage. 

Lire l'avant-projet résumant l'ensemble des contributions de l'ouvrage. 

Présentation des articles composant l'ouvrage :

• Amico, Th., Compliance or the passage from ex post to ex ante: A Copernican revolution for the criminal lawyer?

• Banck, A., The maturity of the Compliance tool’s user, first criterion of the choice of the salient tool

• Burlingame, R., Coppens, K., Power, N., Lee, D.H., Anti-Corruption Compliance: Global Dimension of Enforcement and Risk Management

• Calandri, L., Incentive(s) and Self-Regulation(s): which place for Compliance Law in the Audiovisual Sector? 

• Causse, H., Compliance Training: Through and Beyond Traditional Legal Training

• Frison-Roche, M.-A., Describing, designing and correlating Compliance Tools to Have a Better Use of It

• Frison-Roche, M.-A., Building by Law the Unicity of Compliance Tools from the Definition of Compliance Law by its "Monumental Goals"

• Frison-Roche, M.-A., Drawing up Risk Maps as an obligation and the paradox of the "Compliance risks" 

• Frison-Roche, M.-A., Incentives and Compliance, a couple to propel
• Frison-Roche, M.-A., Resolving the contradiction between sanctions and incentives under the fire of Compliance Law
• Frison-Roche, M.-A., Rights, primary and natural Compliance Tools

• Frison-Roche, M.-A., Training: content and container of Compliance Law​

• Galland, M., The Regulator's Inspection of the Effectiveness of the Compliance Tools Implemented by the Company

• Granier, C., The Normative Originality of Compliance by Design

• Guillaume, N., Compliance risk mapping: first insights of challenges, limits and good practices

• Guttierez-Crespin, A., Audit of Compliance Systems

• Koenigsberg, S. and Barrière, F., The Development of Attorney's Compliance Expertise

• Larouer, M., The Manifestation of Incentives Mechanisms in French Compliance Law

• Merabet, S., Morality by Design

• Pailler, L., Technological Tools, Compliance by Design and GDPR: the Protection of Personal Data from Design

• Racine, J.-B., Geographical dominance in the choice and the use of Compliance Tools. Introductory remarks​

• Rapp, L., Incentive Theory and Governance of Space Activities

• Roda, J.-C., Compliance by design in antitrust: between innovation and illusion

• Salah, M., Conception and Application of Compliance in Africa

• Tardieu, H., Data Sovereignty and Compliance

• Thouret, T., Training and Compliance, Two Correlated Information Transmission Tools

Référence complète: Frison-Roche, M.-A., Describing, conceiving and correlating compliance tools, in order to use them adequately, in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (dir.), Compliance Tools, série Regulation & Compliance, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, 2021, p. 9-32.

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Résumé de l'article: L'article constitue l'introduction générale de l'ouvrage sur Les outils de la Compliance. Dans sa première partie il développe la problématique d'ensemble de ceux-ci. Dans sa seconde partie, il présente chacune des contributions, replacée dans la construction d'ensemble de l'ouvrage. 

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Lire une présentation de l'ouvrage dans lequel l'article a été publié 

Référence générale : Frison-Roche, M.-A., Training: content and container of Compliance Law, in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (dir.), Compliance tools, série "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, 2021, p. 245-264

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Résumé de l'article

Au premier titre, en tant que la formation est un outil spécifique de Compliance, elle est supervisée par les Régulateurs. Elle devient même obligatoire lorsqu'elle est contenue dans des programmes  de Compliance. Puisque l'effectivité et l'efficacité sont des exigences juridiques, quelle est alors la marge des entreprises pour les concevoir et comment en mesure-on le résultat ? 

Au second titre, tant que chaque outil de Compliance comprend, et de plus en plus, une dimension éducative, l'on peut reprendre chacun d'entre eux pour dégager cette perspective. Ainsi même les condamnations et les prescriptions sont autant de leçons, de leçons données, de leçons à suivre. La question est alors de savoir qui, dans ce Droit si pédagogique, sont les "instituteurs" ?

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Cet article prend appui sur un document de travail bilingue, comprenant des développements techniques supplémentaires, des notes en pop-up et des liens hypertextes. 

Consulter une présentation générale du volume dans lequel l'article a été publié. 

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Full reference: Frison-Roche, M.-A., Resolving the contradiction between "sanction" and "incentive" under the fire of Compliance Law, in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (ed.), Compliance Tools, series "Regulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance and Bruylant, 2021, p. 101-112

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Summary of the article: Compliance and Incentives appear at first glance to be totally opposite. For two major reasons. Firstly, because sanctions have a central place in Compliance Law and that the incentives suppose an absence of constraint on the operators. Secondly, because the incentives are linked to self-regulation and that Compliance Law assumes a strong presence of public authorities. Thus, one should choose: either Compliance or Incentives! Either the effectiveness of one or the effectiveness of the others; either the techniques of one, or the techniques of others; either the philosophy of one or the philosophy of the other. Resign oneself to the waste that such a necessary choice would imply. But to put the terms in this way amounts to thinking poorly about the situations and reducing the fields of the solutions they call for. If we take a rich definition of Compliance Law, we can on the contrary articulate Compliance and Incentives. From this perspective, sanctions can no longer become what blocks the use of incentives but, on the contrary, what constitutes them. Even more, the coupling between the Incentives and the requirements of Compliance Law must be strongly encouraged, as soon as the public authorities supervise in Ex Ante all the initiatives taken by the "crucial operators".

This working document deals with the first issue. Indeed, the so-called incentive theory targets mechanisms which do not directly resort to constraint. They would therefore have little place in Compliance Law. But it seems saturated with sanction procedures. We can even say that it seems to put them at the center, the public authorities presenting the number of sanctions as a sign of success, while the companies seem obsessed with their prospects, the two concerns ending in such a strange convergence that are the Convention Judiciaire d'Intérêt Public (non-prosecution agreement).

The honest observer cannot help but be immediately uneasy. Indeed, it can only raise the definition of the sanction as a "constraint" triggered Ex Post, at the very heart of a Compliance Law which is presented as a set of Ex Ante mechanisms. Based on this contradiction in terms, should we give up the association and think that it would be wrong against the spirit to think of the sanction as an incentive?

It is undoubtedly in this connection that one perceives most clearly the clash of two cultures, which do not communicate, while technically they apply to the same situations. Indeed, because Compliance was designed by Finance, everything is a tool for it. Therefore, the tendency to think of the sanction only as an incentive is very strong in Compliance Law, manifests itself continuously and will not stop (I). But whatever the reasons for conceiving it this way, the principles of the rule of law cannot disappear and if we do not want them to be erased, then they must be articulated (II). This is an essential game (II).

This is why we can literally say that Compliance has set Criminal Law on fire by its conception, logical but closed in on itself, of sanctions as simple incentives. In order for Law to remain, however, we must hold a very firm definition of Compliance Law centered on its Monumental Goal, which is the protection of the person.

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Read the bilingual working paper, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks, on which this article is based.

Read a general presentation of the book in which this article is published.

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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Compliance Tools, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, coll "Régulations & Compliance", 2021, 357 p.

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📕Parallèlement, un ouvrage en français, Les outils de la Compliance, est publié dans la collection "Régulations & Compliance", co-éditée par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Dalloz

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🧮Cet ouvrage vient à la suite d'un cycle de colloques organisés par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et des Universités qui lui sont partenaires

____

Cet ouvrage en langue anglaise constitue le 1ier titre de cette collection entièrement consacrée au Droit de la Compliance, en ce que celui-ci est le prolongement du Droit de la Régulation. 

📚Lire la présentation des autres ouvrages de la Collection portant sur la Compliance :

🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Compliance Obligation, 2024

🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, 2023

🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Compliance Monumental Goals, 2023

📚Consulter les autres titres de la collection

📚Cette collection en langue anglaise s'articule avec une collection coéditée entre le Journal of Regulation & Compliance et Dalloz

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► Présentation générale de l'ouvrage : The political dimension of Compliance Law lies in the goals it aims to achieve. To achieve them, the concern for these goals is internalized in "crucial operators", which may be obliged to concretize "monumental goals" set by public authorities. These public bodies control the Ex Ante reorganization that this implies for these companies and sanction Ex Post the possible inadequacy of the companies, which have become transparent to this end. The effectiveness and efficiency of this internalization, without which the statement of these goals is worth nothing, is based on the Compliance tools that are deployed.

These appear to be truly diverse but their substantial unity (topic which will be the subject of a forthcoming book) makes it possible to study the tools put in place from a unique perspective, by not isolating them in a particular branch of Law, Criminal law or International Law for example, but by measuring what is common to them, notably Anticipation, Trust, Commitment, Responsibility, Incentive, and so on. If the Compliance tools vary, it is not only according to the sectors, finance and banking appearing then as the advanced point of the general Compliance Law, for example in environmental matters, but also according to the countries and the cultures. It is in fact about them that legal cultures seem to oppose.

The book aims to understand these "tools" by going beyond the description of each instrument, for which we already have many monographs, for analyzing them through the issues of Risks, required Expertises, Training. Sovereignty claims, Incentives, mechanical aptitude of Technologies. It is through these themes that are analyzed by the authors, experts in the field, what we always want to understand better: Compliance Programs, Whistleblowing, Mapping, Sanctions, Extraterritoriality, etc.

 ____

📘Consulter le sommaire de l'ouvrage. 

____

► Appréhender l'ouvrage à travers la table des matières ci-dessous et les résumés de chacun des articles : 

INTRODUCTION

📝Frison-Roche, M.-A., Describing, designing and correlating Compliance Tools to Have a Better Use of It

I. LEGAL AND ECONOMIC APPROACHES TO COMPLIANCE TOOLS

📝Frison-Roche, M.-A., Building by Law the Unicity of Compliance Tools from the Definition of Compliance Law by its "Monumental Goals"

🕴️L. Benzoni et B. Deffains, 📝An Economic Approach to Compliance Tools: Finality, Measure, and Effectivity of Constrained or Chosen Compliance

II. RISK MAPPING, CENTRAL COMPLIANCE TOOL

III. PLACE AND USE OF INCENTIVES IN COMPLIANCE SYSTEMS

IV. THE REQUIRED EXPERTISES IN TERMS OF COMPLIANCE

V. THE GEOGRAPHICAL DOMINANCE OF COMPLIANCE TOOLS

VI. THE MEASURE OF COMPLIANCE TOOLS EFFECTIVITY

VII. TRAINING, ALPHA AND OMEGA OF COMPLIANCE

VIII. TECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS AND COMPLIANCE BY DESIGN

CONCLUSION

📝Amico, Th., Compliance or the passage from ex post to ex ante: A Copernican revolution for the criminal lawyer?

📝Banck, A., The maturity of the Compliance tool’s user, first criterion of the choice of the salient tool

📝Burlingame, R., Coppens, K., Power, N., Lee, D.H., Anti-Corruption Compliance: Global Dimension of Enforcement and Risk Management

📝Calandri, L., Incentive(s) and Self-Regulation(s): which place for Compliance Law in the Audiovisual Sector? 

📝Causse, H., Compliance Training: Through and Beyond Traditional Legal Training

📝Frison-Roche, M.-A., Drawing up Risk Maps as an obligation and the paradox of the "Compliance risks" 

📝Frison-Roche, M.-A., Incentives and Compliance, a couple to propel

📝Frison-Roche, M.-A., Resolving the contradiction between sanctions and incentives under the fire of Compliance Law

📝Frison-Roche, M.-A., Rights, primary and natural Compliance Tools

📝Frison-Roche, M.-A., Training: content and container of Compliance Law​

📝Galland, M., The Regulator's Inspection of the Effectiveness of the Compliance Tools Implemented by the Company

📝Granier, C., The Normative Originality of Compliance by Design

📝Guillaume, N., Compliance risk mapping: first insights of challenges, limits and good practices

📝Guttierez-Crespin, A., Audit of Compliance Systems

📝Koenigsberg, S. and Barrière, F., The Development of Attorney's Compliance Expertise

📝Larouer, M., The Manifestation of Incentives Mechanisms in French Compliance Law

📝Merabet, S., Morality by Design

📝Pailler, L., Technological Tools, Compliance by Design and GDPR: the Protection of Personal Data from Design

📝Racine, J.-B., Geographical dominance in the choice and the use of Compliance Tools. Introductory remarks​

📝Rapp, L., Incentive Theory and Governance of Space Activities

📝Roda, J.-C., Compliance by design in antitrust: between innovation and illusion

📝Salah, M., Conception and Application of Compliance in Africa

📝Tardieu, H., Data Sovereignty and Compliance

📝Thouret, T., Training and Compliance, Two Correlated Information Transmission Tools

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Référence générale : Frison-Roche, M.-A.., Rights, primary and natural Compliance Tools, in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (dir.), Compliance Tools, série "Regulation & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, 2021, p. 319-342

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Résumé en français de l'article (publié en anglais)

Dans la conception traditionnelle de l'architecture des secteurs régulés par le Droit et dans le Droit de la Compliance qui prolonge les techniques étatiques de Régulation, les droits subjectifs ont peu de place. Mais cette configuration n'a plus lieu, au contraire les droits subjectifs sont aujourd'hui au cœur, et le seront de plus en plus. Ils sont et seront les outils premiers du Droit de la Compliance parce qu'ils constituent un "outil" d'une grande efficacité pour assurer le fonctionnement entier d'un système dont les buts sont si difficiles à atteindre. Parce qu'il faut faire feu de tout bois pour concrétiser ces buts, les Autorités publiques non seulement s'appuient sur la puissance des opérateurs cruciaux, mais encore distribuent des prérogatives aux personnes qui, ainsi incitées, activent le système de Compliance et participent à la réalisation du "but monumental". Les droits subjectifs peuvent s'avérer les outils les plus efficaces pour atteindre effectivement les buts fixés, à tel point qu'on peut les considérer comme des "outils premiers".

Mais il convient d'avoir plus de prétention et de concevoir les droits subjectifs comme les outils les plus "naturels" du droit de la Compliance. En effet parce que tous les Buts Monumentaux par lesquels le Droit de la Compliance se définit peuvent se ramener à la protection des personnes, c'est-à-dire à l'effectivité de leurs prérogatives, par un effet de miroir entre les droits subjectifs donnés comme moyens par le Droit aux personnes et les droits subjectifs qui constituent le but même de tout le Droit de la Compliance, notamment la protection de tous les êtres humains, même s'ils sont en situation de grande faiblesse, les droits subjectifs devenant un "outil naturel" du Droit de la Compliance. Nous ne sommes qu'à l'orée de leur déploiement et c'est sans doute sur eux que pourra se réguler l'espace digital dans lequel désormais nous vivons, afin que nous n'y soyons pas étouffés et qu'il constitue pour les personnes un espace civilisé. 

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Lire le document de travail bilingue, doté de développements supplémentaires, de références techniques et de liens hypertextes, sur lequel cet article est basé.

Consulter une présentation générale du volume dans lequel l'article a été publié.

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Référence générale : Frison-Roche, M.-A., Drawing up Risk Maps as an Obligation and the paradoxe of the "Compliance Risks", in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (dir.), Compliance Tools, série "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, 2021, p. 61-72

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Résumé de l'article :

There are few synthetic or theoretical studies on Risk Mapping even though it is in fact the Compliance central tool, perhaps because it is more a management tool than a legal one. Risk Mapping is often described but does not receive any other legal qualifications than being a "modality", suffering in this respect from an evil which affects the whole of Compliance, still little understood by Law, attention often so focused on the Ex Post (sanctions) while Compliance is by nature in the Ex Ante. Going from disarray to incomprehension, everyone can note the existence of "compliance risks" among the mapped risks, because if as so many affirm that it would be necessary to speak only of simple conformity as obedience, demonstrated in Ex Ante, to Law, how a sub-set of a tool would therefore have the same object as the set of Law that this tool serves ... This aporia can only be resolved if Compliance Law is defined substantially by its "monumental goals" which exceed obedience to regulations.

Consequently, Law taking up Risk Mapping, this mechanism may first appear as an ancillary obligation to the main obligation consisting in achieving "monumental goals". The ancillary obligation to draw up the maps is an obligation of result, while the main obligation to achieve the monumental goals is an obligation of means. These cartographies being very diverse and being only occasionally targeted by specific laws, it can also constitute only a legal fact or, through the play of various charters, a unilateral legal commitment. But it isnbecoming the basis of an autonomous legal obligation incumbent on enterprises in position to know certain risks, obligation referring to the existence of a subjective right tof knowing and measuring them ("right to be worried") which the third parties who are going to run them would hold, thus allowing them to choose to run them, or not.

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Lire le document de travail bilingue, doté de développements supplémentaires, de références techniques et de liens hypertextes, sur lequel cet article est basé

Consulter une présentation générale du volume dans lequel l'article a été publié.

____

► Référence complète : Frison-Roche, M.-A., Building by Law the Unicity of Compliance Tools from the Definition of Compliance Law by its "Monumental Goals", in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (ed.), Compliance Tools, series "Compliance & Regulation ", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant, 2021, pp. 35-46._

Summary of the article : The "tools of Compliance" do not stack on top of each other. They form a system, thanks to a unity drawn from the goals that all these multiple and different tools serve: the "Monumental Goals" by which Compliance Law is defined.

All these tools are configured by these goals and for mastering all these techniques, it is essential to put them all in perspective of what Compliance Law is, which is designed teleologically with regard to its goals. Extension of Regulatory Law and like it, Compliance Law is built on a balance between the principle of competition and other concerns that public authorities claim to take care of. Compliance Law has moreover more "pretensions" in this respect, for example in environmental matters. All the means are then good, the violence of the tools marrying without difficulty with the voluntary commitments since it is the goals which govern this branch of Law.

As legal solutions adopted show, a common method of interpretation and common levels of constraint for all Compliance Tools result from this definition. Starting from the goals (in which legal normativity is housed), the interpretation of the different tools is thus unified. Moreover, the different degrees of constraint do not operate according to the consideration of sources (traditional legal criterion) but by the goals, according to the legal distinction between obligations of means and obligations of results which result from the articulation between tools, of which the establishment is an obligation of result, and the goal, of which the achievement is only an obligation of means.

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📝 Read the bilingual working paper on which rely this article.

📝 Read a general presentation of the book in which this article has been published.

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