Feb. 21, 2025
Conferences
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, La qualification juridique du système de noms de domaine comme infrastructure et ses conséquences juridiques ("The legal status of the domain name system as an infrastructure and its legal consequence"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche et G. Loiseau (dir.), Durabilité de l'Internet : le rôle des opérateurs du système des noms de domaine (Sustainability of the Internet: the role of the operators of the domain name system. Compliance and regulation of the digital space). Compliance et régulation de l'espace numérique, 21 février 2025, organisé par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance et l'Institut de la Recherche en Droit de la Sorbonne (André Tunc - IRDJS), 12 place du Panthéon, Paris.
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🧮see the full programme of this colloquium (in French)
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► Summary of this conference: "Domain names" are a technical reality. This technical reality has come to the fore, seeming to have been both little "thought out" and little "conceived" in Law and, perhaps because it is little coveted, Competition Law, which neutralises the concreteness of things and services in order to focus on exchange, hardly qualifies them. It is rather from the 'Competition Policy' perspective that 'domain names' are apprehended. However, Competition Policy expresses wishes and perspectives, while Competition aw must make way for the perspective of Regulatory Law inside the liberal economic system.
Looking at the technicalities of the domain name system, we can proceed in 3 stages.
Firstly, if a domain name is taken in isolation, it may appear as property and/or a projection of a person, and has rightly been described as such by the courts. But domain names only exist in relation to each other, the addressing system on which the Internet itself and the digital space that enables everyone to spread, reach and be reached were built. In this way, they constitute an Infrastructure in their plurality, in a uniqueness (I). The legal system must take account of this technological reality through the concept of Essential Infrastructure, which is well known in Regulatory legal perspective(I).
Secondly, the legal consequences of this legal qualification of Infrastructure must be detailed (II). Regulatory Law does not necessarily imply institutions, a regulatory authority being an indication rather than a criterion. Rather, it requires specific charges, powers and controls to ensure that the Infrastructure is established and operates to fulfill, now and in the future, the function that is crucially expected of it. Because the digital space was born of the Internet, an a-sectional and a-territorial space, Compliance Law, which is an extension of Regulatory Law, outside the sectors and internalised in the crucial operators, is essential as it is appropriate without diminishing the public dimension of the organisation.
Thirdly, the evidential dimension should be emphasised (III). Indeed, because we need to ensure that the Domain Names Infrastructure is always solid and reliable, so as not to risk a systemic failure of the Internet, and therefore of the digital space, we must not remain with the traditional system of burden of proof that rests on the person making the complaint. Because there is a Compliance Obligation, it is up to the crucial operators to credibly show their ability to ensure the technical sustainability of this infrastructure on which the digital space in which we live is based.
It shall be different if the issue is one of non-technical Sustainability, for example that which is linked to a particular societal project, in which the operators of the domain name system are not at the origin and are required on an ad hoc basis because they are in a good position to help the Authorities or because they wish to do so.
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Feb. 18, 2025
Publications
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, The legal status of the domain name system as an infrastructure and its legal consequences, Working paper, February 2025
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🎥 This working paper is the basis of the contribution to the symposium co-organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and the Institut de Recherche Juridique de la Sorbonne (André Tunc - IRJS), Durabilité de l'Internet : le rôle des opérateurs du système des noms de domaine. Compliance et régulation de l'espace numérique (Sustainability of the Internet: the role of domain name system operators. Compliance and Regulatory Law in the Digital Space).
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📝 It will also form the basis of the forthcoming📕.
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► Summary of this Working Paper: Les "noms de domaine" sont une réalité technique. Cette réalité technique s'est imposée, semblant avoir été à la fois peu "pensée" et peu "conçue" en Droit et, peut-être parce qu'elle fait peu l'objet de convoitise, le Droit de la concurrence qui neutralise la concrétude des choses et prestations pour se concentrer sur l'échange, ne les qualifie guère. C'est plutôt dans une perspective de "politique de concurrence" que les noms de domaine" sont appréhendés. Or, la politique de la concurrence exprime des souhaits et des perspectives, tandis que le Droit de la concurrence doit faire place au sein du système économique libéral à la perspective de Régulation.
► Summary of this Working Paper: "Domain names" are a technical reality. This technical reality has come to the fore, seeming to have been both little "thought out" and little "conceived" in Law and, perhaps because it is little coveted, Competition Law, which neutralises the concreteness of things and services in order to focus on exchange, hardly qualifies them. It is rather from the 'Competition Policy' perspective that 'domain names' are apprehended. However, Competition Policy expresses wishes and perspectives, while Competition aw must make way for the perspective of Regulatory Law inside the liberal economic system.
Looking at the technicalities of the domain name system, we can proceed in 3 stages.
Firstly, if a domain name is taken in isolation, it may appear as property and/or a projection of a person, and has rightly been described as such by the courts. But domain names only exist in relation to each other, the addressing system on which the Internet itself and the digital space that enables everyone to spread, reach and be reached were built. In this way, they constitute an Infrastructure in their plurality, in a uniqueness (I). The legal system must take account of this technological reality through the concept of Essential Infrastructure, which is well known in Regulatory legal perspective(I).
Secondly, the legal consequences of this legal qualification of Infrastructure must be detailed (II). Regulatory Law does not necessarily imply institutions, a regulatory authority being an indication rather than a criterion. Rather, it requires specific charges, powers and controls to ensure that the Infrastructure is established and operates to fulfill, now and in the future, the function that is crucially expected of it. Because the digital space was born of the Internet, an a-sectional and a-territorial space, Compliance Law, which is an extension of Regulatory Law, outside the sectors and internalised in the crucial operators, is essential as it is appropriate without diminishing the public dimension of the organisation.
Thirdly, the evidential dimension should be emphasised (III). Indeed, because we need to ensure that the Domain Names Infrastructure is always solid and reliable, so as not to risk a systemic failure of the Internet, and therefore of the digital space, we must not remain with the traditional system of burden of proof that rests on the person making the complaint. Because there is a Compliance Obligation, it is up to the crucial operators to credibly show their ability to ensure the technical sustainability of this infrastructure on which the digital space in which we live is based.
It shall be different if the issue is one of non-technical Sustainability, for example that which is linked to a particular societal project, in which the operators of the domain name system are not at the origin and are required on an ad hoc basis because they are in a good position to help the Authorities or because they wish to do so.
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🔓read the developments below⤵️
Sept. 17, 2009
Publications
► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Une "politique de sanction" peut-elle exister dans la régulation financière et être commune aux régulateurs et aux juges", in M.-A. Frison-Roche et J.-Cl. Magendie (dir.), Politique de sanction et régulation des marchés financiers, Supplément thématique Bulletin Joly Bourse, septembre/octobre 2009. p.419-448.
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📘Lire la présentation générale de la publication collective dans laquelle l'article est paru.
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► Résumé de l'article : La première partie de l'article pose la question de savoir s'il peut exister une "politique de sanction". Si la réponse est positive, la seconde partie pose alors la question de savoir si elle peut être commune au Régulateur et au Juge.
Répondre Oui à la première question n'est pas évident car si le ministère public insère son action dans la "politique pénale"du ministre, ce que certains contestent d'ailleurs aujourd'hui, le Juge pénal n'aurait, ne pourrait, pas à le faire, statuer plutôt au cas par cas, restaurant la légalité atteinte par l'infraction. La perspective d'une sorte de "droit pénal régulatoire" à dimension systémique peut poser des difficultés éthiques.
A l'inverse de la tautologie pénale, le maniement des règles par le Régulateur s'opère d'une façon téléologique, la sanction étant alors un instrument comme un autre, même s'il est plus puissant qu'un autre. La question est alors de savoir qui de la première logique ou qui de la seconde va prédominer car l'enjeu est celui des lacunes.
En effet, quand il y a du vide, le juge répressif le remplira par le principe de liberté et ne sanctionnera pas. Aucune "politique pénale" ne doit changer ce principe constitutionnel. Le Régulateur guidé par la finalité aura tendance pour satisfaire la fin, si le comportement la contrarier, à sanctionner.
Dès lors, l'on peut se demander si une "politique commune" peut se concevoir et se pratiquer entre le Régulateur et le Juge.
Dans la seconde partie de l'article, il est d'accord affirmé que pour satisfaire sa mission et ce que les marchés attendent, le Régulateur doit avoir une "jurisprudence", c'est-à-dire établir des principes, s'y tenir, ne pas se contredire dans le temps. C'est un point de contact avec le Juge, puisque c'est la politique de sanction que le Régulateur met en place qui participe à cette "jurisprudence" attendue, tandis que le Juge, dont tout le monde sait qu'il crée du Droit, est lui-même tenu par sa jurisprudence.
Mais il y a un obstacle à une "politique commune". Le juge peut difficilement passer d'une constance dans le temps à une "politique", à un programme Ex Ante, il est donc plus faible que le Régulation, tandis que le Régulateur, qui est donc plus fort, est aussi plus faible, puisque ses décisions sont soumises à la censure du Juge.
Comment faire ?
Tout d'abord rapprocher le Régulateur et le ministère public, puisque celui-ci développe une politique pénale.
Ensuite que le Juge intègre dans ses décisions la dimension systémique que le Régulateur intègre lui par nature. Le juge peut le faire, surtout s'il rencontre davantage le Régulateur.
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